Microalgae and cyanobacteria, as versatile photoautotrophic microorganisms, hold significant promise for mitigating soil and water pollution—particularly the removal of pesticides. This review examines their multifaceted roles in pesticide biodegradation, emphasizing how their metabolic capabilities simultaneously reduce environmental toxicity, enrich soil properties, and support beneficial microbiota. Cultivation in wastewater treatment systems further highlights their potential for cost-effective bioremediation, as these microbes degrade pesticides, recycle nutrients, break down organic pollutants, and generate biomass with value-added applications. Despite these advantages, implementing large-scale processes remains challenging. Key hurdles include optimizing growth parameters, preventing contamination, improving harvest efficiency, and designing robust bioreactors. Addressing these complexities demands interdisciplinary collaboration in strain selection, metabolic engineering, and process intensification. By capitalizing on microalgae and cyanobacteria’s adaptability and metabolic flexibility, we can develop more sustainable management strategies that reduce reliance on chemical inputs, foster soil health, and contribute to long-term ecological restoration. Ultimately, these microorganisms have the potential to reshape environmental stewardship by combining economic viability with broad-scale ecological benefits.

The article examines the possibilities of using various agricultural wastewater for the accumulation of biomass of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris SP BB-2, Parachlorella kessleri Bh-2 and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dangeard CC-124. As a result of the study, a strain of microalgae C.vulgaris SP B-2 was selected for use in the treatment of fishery wastewater with the possibility of obtaining feed biomass. According to the research results, this strain showed an increased growth rate in aquaculture wastewater, also the effectiveness of reducing the COD index, removing ammonia and phosphates. According to the results of the study, the protein content in the resulting biomass of C-vulgaris SP BB-2 was 57.0 ± 1.2%, lipids 16 ± 1.2% and carbohydrates 11.4 ± 1.4% when grown on wastewater. The strain of C.vulgaris SP BB-2 can be effectively used in the bioremediation of wastewater in order to purify it from organo-mineral contaminants

Cyanobacterial biodiversity represents a significant reservoir for the potential discovery of new promising microorganism species. The purpose of this research is to explore the diversity of cyanobacteria and identify thermotolerant species found in the Zharkent geothermal spring situated in the Zhetysu region. At the time of water sampling from the spring, the temperature reached 75-80 °C. Cyanobacterial mats in the form of microbial agglomerations were identified on the stream periphery. Nine cyanobacterial species were found in these cyanobacterial mats, including Synechococcus, Phormidium, Gloeocapsa, Oscillatoria, Fischerella, and Nostoc. Among the cyanobacteria inhabiting the hot spring, 44% were non-heterocystous forms, while the rest exhibited heterocystous characteristics or were present as single-celled organisms. The order Oscillatoriales was the most predominant, including four species, followed by the order Chroococcales with three species. Pure cultures of cyanobacteria, such as Oscillatoria formasa, Nostoc commune, Anabaena cylindrica, and Fischerella thermalis, were isolated from the geothermal spring. These cultures were subjected to thermotolext56rance assessment at different temperatures. All examined strains exhibited a high growth rate at 45-50°C, with a slowdown at 55 and 60°C. The optimal growth temperature was 45-50°C, except for the Fischerella thermalis strain, which showed active growth at 60°C. The obtained results emphasize the potential application of the isolated strains in biotechnology.

Қоректік орта микробалдырлардың клеткаларының тіршілік әрекеті кезіндегі зат алмасу процестерін, энергия алмасуын қамтамасыз ететін, сондай-ақ өсуге маңызды элементтерді қамтитын субстрат. Микробалдырлардың қоректік ортасын өзгерту арқылы, олардың клеткаларының өсу көрсеткіштерін және химиялық құрамын өзгертуге болады. Бұл жұмыста микробалдыр Scenedesmus obliquus sp. B7 штамының өсу ортасына, яғни Прата қоректік ортасына қосымша қосылған натрий хлордың (NaCl) 2,5 г/л және 15 г/л аралықтағы концентрацияларын қосып, бұл орталарда өскен Scenedesmus obliquus sp. B7 штамының өсу көрсеткіштері, биомасса құрамындағы пигменттер (хлорофилл а, b) мен липидтердің мөлшері зерттелді. Бұл нәтижелер бойынша, бақылаумен салыстырғанда Scenedesmus оbliquussp. B7 штамының өсу динамикасы мен бірқатар пигменттер құрамының жиналуына NaCl-дың 10 г/л оңтайлы болып табылса, ал керісінше липидтердің мөлшері NaCl-дың 15 г/л-де ең жоғары мөлшерде жиналғаны анықталды. Мұндағы, өсу тығыздығы бақылаумен салыстырғанда NaCl-дың 10 г/л –де 80% - ға өскен болса, хлорофилл а және b көрсеткіштері 2,2 және 3 есеге дейін жоғарлағаны белгіленді. Ал, тәжірибедегі бақылаумен және басқа нұсқалармен салыстырғанда NaCl-дың 15 г/л концентрациясындағы биомасса құрамында липидтердің мөлшері 2,52 есе жоғарлағаны анықталды. Бұл көрсеткіштерден микробалдыр S. obliquus sp. B7 штаммының бізбен алынған тұздың жоғарғы концентрациясында (10 г/л) клеткаларының өсімі мен бейімделгіштігінің жоғары екенін көрсетеді. Nutrient medium is a substrate that provides metabolic processes during vital activity of microalgae cells, energy metabolism, and elements essential for microalgae growth. It is possible to alter the growth indicators and chemical composition of microalgae cells by changing the components of nutrient medium. In these studies, growth indicators, chlorophyll (a, b) and total lipid content in the biomass of Scenedesmus obliquus sp. B7 strain grown on Prata medium with the addition of sodium chloride concentrations in the intervals of 2.5 g/l and 15 g/l were evaluated. According to these results, compared with the observation, it was found that 10 g/l NaCl was optimal for the growth dynamics of Scenedesmus obliquus sp. B7 strain and accumulation of some pigment compositions. Nevertheless, the optimum value for the highest total lipid content was 15 g/l NaCl. It was determined that the chlorophyll a and b indicators increased by 2.2 and 3 times, respectively, when the growth density was increased by 80% in 10 g/l NaCl compared to the control. In comparison with experimental observation and other variants, it was ascertained that the content of total lipids in biomass was 2.52 times higher when 15 g/l NaCl was added to the nutrient medium. It can be concluded from these indicators that the microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus sp. B7 strain shows a high level of growth and cell adaptability at a NaCl concentration of 10 g/l in the nutrient medium.

Cyanobacteria are increasingly positioned as photosynthetically powered, genetically tractable chassis for next-generation environmental remediation-operating as living filters that couple solar energy capture to active detoxification and resource recovery. This review synthesizes current advances in cyanobacteria-based remediation of heavy metals, micro- and nanoplastics, pathogens, and persistent organic pollutants, with particular emphasis on metabolic mechanisms, bioengineering strategies, and practical environmental applications. This review outlines a bioengineering roadmap for deploying cyanobacteria in wastewater and impacted aquatic systems to sequester and reclaim toxic heavy metals, trap nano/microplastics, attenuate pathogenic microorganisms, and chemically degrade recalcitrant organic pollutants. In the field of metal capture, recent advances in “living materials” have enabled the embedding of cyanobacteria in regenerable matrices for efficient removal and subsequent reclamation. Mechanistic insights into species such as Synechocystis have clarified adsorption behavior and stress-response determinants for cadmium and related metals, defining tunable targets including transporters, exporters, and chelation modules for strain improvement. Cobalt and uranium handling can now be rationally engineered by rewiring metal homeostasis systems or exploiting high-capacity biosorption using scalable biomass platforms like Spirulina . Beyond metals, cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are being leveraged as engineered bio-based flocculants to remove polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics, while consortia-based designs are emerging to facilitate polymer transformation. Collectively, these advances motivate the development of modular, field-ready cyanobacterial platforms immobilized, sensor-guided, and biocontained that integrate pollutant capture and circular recovery within sustainable photobioremediation pipelines. However, significant challenges remain, including field-scale validation, environmental variability, biosafety considerations, biomass management, economic feasibility, and regulatory constraints. Addressing these limitations will be essential for the practical implementation of cyanobacterial remediation technologies.