Background: Theileriosis infection is a tick-borne disease that leads to global animal morbidity, mortality and economic losses. Aim: This study aimed to examine Theileriosis infection by traditional and molecular methods Methods: A total of 100 blood samples of local breed cows were examined by Giemsa smearing under a microscope, amplified-PCR in region 18SrRNA PCR at 600bp, and DNA sequencing analysis the genetic relationships. Results: The clinical signs showed that an elevated fever [40.3-41.5°C], an asymmetrical extension of superficially prescapular lymph nodes, lacrimation, icteric mucus membranes eyes, ecchymotic haemorrhages on sclera, dullness, lethargy, salivation, and ticks presence. Giemsa-stained blood smear and conventional PCR were revealed 24% and 73% for infection respectively. Phylogenetic tree was constructed with DNA sequencing analysis of accession number: OQ779946.1, OQ779947.1, OQ779949.1, OQ779952.1, OQ779953.1 and OQ779953.1, belonging to T. annulata; acc. nos.: OQ779950.1, OQ779951.1 belong to T. parva; acc. nos.: OQ779948.1, OQ779960.1 belongs to Theileria species; acc. no.: OQ779955.1, OQ779957.1, OQ779958.1 belong to T. sergenti; and OQ779956.1, OQ779959.1 belong to T. orientalis. Nucleotide substitutions of transversion and transitions occurred in 11 types containing gaps and missing are A>T; A>C; A>G; C>A; C>G; C>T; G>A; G>C; G>T; T>A; T>C for 254 positions in final dataset. Conclusion: This study showed theileriosis infection is highly endemic and represent a first investigation into use of molecular phylogeny to classify Theileria in Al-Fallujah City, West Region of Iraq.

Dipylidiasis is a zoonotic intestinal cestode disease caused by Dipylidium caninum. ‎The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Dipylidium caninum infections ‎in dogs from Baghdad city. The study involved the impact of sexes, age, during nine months ‎‎(from January to October 2021) on dipylidiasis infection in pet and stray dogs. 108 faecal ‎samples were collected from (54 pets and 54 stray dogs) then examined for the detection of D. ‎caninum egg capsules and eggs using coprological diagnosis (flotation and sedimentation ‎methods) in the laboratory of parasitology / College of Veterinary Medicine, University of ‎Baghdad. The overall infection rate was 14.81% (16/108). The study revealed the infection rate ‎of D. caninum from pets and stray dogs was 9.26% (5/54), and 20.37% (11/54), respectively. ‎Infection rates in stray dogs were high during March, April, and May (12.5% for each month), ‎compared with pet dogs (0%, 6.25%, 6.25%) respectively, while in January, the rate of ‎infection was 0% in both types, significantly (P<0.05) during March. A significant difference ‎was recorded (P<0.01) between the sexes in both dog types, females recorded a higher 25% ‎‎(3/12) infection rate than males 19.05% (8/42) in stray dogs, compared to the females, 5.9% ‎‎(1/17) and males, 10.8% (4/37) in pet dogs, respectively. According to the age, a high infection ‎rate was found in stray dog adults (20.51%), while the infection rate was zero (0%) in pet dog ‎puppies, with a significant difference (p < 0.01) between the age groups in both types. The ‎results revealed that stray and pet dogs may play a larger role in the spread of zoonotic ‎dipylidiasis and that public health needs more concerted efforts to educate dog owners and ‎implement control programs to prevent the infective stage maturation by cutting life cycle of ‎intermediate hosts.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic bacterium associated with severe nosocomial infections, and Multi-drug-resistant represents a considerable risk to public health due to rapidly increasing disease prevalence over the past few decades worldwide .This study aimed to demonstrate the capacity of Quercetin dietary supplement to modulate the immune responses for IL-,8 IL-,6 and INF-α. Forty mice use in 4 groups (n=10), the first three groups were received orally 150,100,and 50 mg /mouse weekly for two months, and the 4th group was administered phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as negative control. After two months, sera were collected from mice before and after challenge (10 days) with an infectious dose of K. pneumoniae (.15×108 cfu/ml, I.P) of all groups . The results revealed increased levels of IL-,6 IL-,8and TNF-α significantly (P≤0.05) at all doses compared to the negative control group and the dose 100mg /ml give the high level at day 60 ,while dose 50mg/ml give the high level after 10 days post infection, but the three treated groups decreased relatively to the negative control after challenge. This research underscores the promise of Quercetin at dose 150mg/ml as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties through modulation of IL-,6 IL-,8 and TNF-α levels, which mitigated excessive inflammation and bolstered host defense mechanisms. The findings indicate that Quercetin may serve as a valuable complementary treatment for infections caused by K. pneumoniae.