(1) Background: Clinopodium pulchellum (Kunth) Govaerts (Panizara) is an aromatic Andean medicinal plant traditionally used in Peru to manage nervous disorders, insomnia, and digestive complaints; however, its neuropharmacological properties remain poorly validated. This study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of C. pulchellum and to characterize its phytochemical profile as supportive evidence. (2) Methods: The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC–MS and GC–FID. (3) Results: Fifteen volatile compounds were identified based on retention indices and mass spectral data, with β-caryophyllene (22.9%) and linalool (19.1%) as the most representative constituents, while other compounds were tentatively identified. The aqueous extract showed total phenolic and flavonoid contents of 34.15 mg GAE/g and 29.44 mg QE/g, respectively, and moderate antioxidant activity (DPPH = 2.36 mg TE/g; ABTS = 3.33 mg TE/g). In vivo assays revealed that EOCP at 200 mg·kg⁻¹ significantly increased open-arm exploration in the elevated plus maze and reduced immobility time in the CUMS–forced swim test by 37% compared with the stress group, although the effect was lower than that of reference drugs. Molecular docking analysis indicated favorable binding affinities of β-caryophyllene, humulene, and aromandendrene with serotonergic and ion channel targets, while ADMET predictions suggested suitable pharmacokinetic properties. (4) Conclusions: These findings indicate that the observed neuropharmacological effects may be associated with the presence of bioactive terpenoids typical of Lamiaceae, supporting the traditional use of C. pulchellum. However, further studies are required to confirm the identity of uncommon constituents and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its biological activity.

Urban medicinal plant markets preserve traditional knowledge, but information on the quality and chemical characteristics of commercial plant materials remains limited. This study combined a descriptive cross-sectional survey of 48 medicinal plant vendors at Gamarra Market, Lima, Peru, with selected physicochemical, elemental, and phytochemical analyses of commercial leaves of Aristeguietia ballii (Oliv.) R.M.King & H.Rob., Borago officinalis L., Senecio canescens (Bonpl.) Cuatrec., and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. The survey documented plant names, reported medicinal uses, plant parts, preparation methods, and routes of administration. Laboratory analyses included proximate composition, arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) determination, preliminary phytochemical screening, spectrophotometric estimates of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging assays. A. ballii had the highest concentrations of As (2.18 mg/kg) and Pb (2.54 mg/kg) among the materials analyzed, while Hg was below the detection limit in all samples. E. globulus yielded positive reactions in the greatest number of qualitative screening assays and the highest TPC in its hydroethanolic extract (53.22 ± 1.00 mg GAE/g DS) and TFC in its chloroform-derived extract (21.92 ± 0.41 mg QE/g DS). Hydroethanolic B. officinalis had the highest DPPH response (33.39 ± 0.63 mg TE/g DS), whereas aqueous E. globulus had the highest ABTS response (63.60 ± 1.19 mg TE/g DS). These findings characterize the interviewed vendors’ reports and the commercial samples analyzed. Convenience sampling and one composite commercial sample per species limit generalizability, and the chemical assays do not establish respiratory efficacy or overall toxicological safety.