Celastrol is an active triterpenoid compound derived from Tripterygium wilfordii which is well-known as a traditional Chinese medicinal plant. Squalene synthase has a vital role in condensing two molecules of farnesyl diphosphate to form squalene, a key precursor of triterpenoid biosynthesis. In the present study, T. wilfordii squalene synthase (TwSQS) was cloned followed by prokaryotic expression and functional verification. The open reading frame cDNA of TwSQS was 1242 bp encoding 413 amino acids. Bioinformatic and phylogenetic analysis showed that TwSQS had high homology with other plant SQSs. To obtain soluble protein, the truncated TwSQS without the last 28 amino acids of the carboxy terminus was inductively expressed in Escherichia coli Transetta (DE3). The purified protein was detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis. Squalene was detected in the product of in vitro reactions by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry, which meant that TwSQS did have catalytic activity. Organ-specific and inducible expression levels of TwSQS were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The results indicated that TwSQS was highly expressed in roots, followed by the stems and leaves, and was significantly up-regulated upon MeJA treatment. The identification of TwSQS is important for further studies of celastrol biosynthesis in T. wilfordii.

Triptolide, an important bioactive diterpenoid extracted from the plant Tripterygium wilfordii, exhibits many pharmacological activities. MYC2 transcription factor (TF) plays an important role in the regulation of various secondary metabolites in plants. However, whether MYC2 TF could regulate the biosynthesis of triptolide in T. wilfordii is still unknown. In this study, two homologous MYC2 TF genes, TwMYC2a and TwMYC2b, were isolated from T. wilfordii hairy roots and functionally characterized. The analyses of the phylogenetic tree and subcellular localization showed that they were grouped into the IIIe clade of the bHLH superfamily with other functional MYC2 proteins and localized in the nucleus. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid and GUS transactivation assays suggested that TwMYC2a and TwMYC2b inhibited the promoter activity of the miltiradiene synthase genes, TwTPS27a and TwTPS27b, by binding to the E-box (CACATG) and T/G-box (CACGTT) motifs in their promoters. Transgenic results revealed that RNA interference of TwMYC2a/b significantly enhanced the triptolide accumulation in hairy roots and liquid medium by upregulating the expression of several key biosynthetic genes, including TwMS (TwTPS27a/b), TwCPS (TwTPS7/9), TwDXR, and TwHMGR1. In summary, our findings show that TwMYC2a and TwMYC2b act as two negative regulators of triptolide biosynthesis in T. wilfordii hairy roots and also provide new insights on metabolic engineering of triptolide in the future.

Miltiradiene synthase (MS) genes, TwTPS27a and TwTPS27b, are the key diterpene synthase genes in the biosynthesis of triptolide, which is an important medicinally active diterpenoid in Tripterygium wilfordii. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of key genes TwTPS27a/b in triptolide biosynthesis remains unclear. In this study, the promoters of TwTPS27a (1496 bp) and TwTPS27b (1862 bp) were isolated and analyzed. Some hormone-/stress-responsive elements and transcription factor (TF) binding sites were predicted in both promoters, which might be responsible for the regulation mechanism of TwTPS27a/b. The β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity analysis in promoter deletion assays under normal and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) conditions showed that the sequence of −921 to −391 bp is the potential core region of the TwTPS27b promoter. And the TGACG-motif, a MeJA-responsive element found in this core region, might be responsible for MeJA-mediated stress induction of GUS activity. Moreover, the TGACG-motif is also known as the TGA TF-binding site. Yeast one-hybrid and GUS transactivation assays confirmed the interaction between the TwTPS27a/b promoters and the TwTGA1 TF (a MeJA-inducible TGA TF upregulating triptolide biosynthesis in T. wilfordii), indicating that TwTPS27a/b are two target genes regulated by TwTGA1. In conclusion, our results provide important information for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of MS genes, TwTPS27a and TwTPS27b, as two target genes of TwTGA1, in jasmonic acid (JA)-inducible triptolide biosynthesis.

Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. is the traditional medicinal plants in China. Triptolide, wilforgine, and wilforine are the bioactive compounds in T. wilfordii. In this study, the contents of three metabolites and transcription levels of 21 genes involved in three metabolites biosynthesis in T. wilfordii were examined using high-performance liquid chromatography and reverse transcription PCR after application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on hairy roots in time course experiment (3–24 h). The results indicated that application of MeJA inhibited triptolide accumulation and promoted wilforgine and wilforine metabolites biosynthesis. In hairy roots, wilforgine content reached 693.36 μg/g at 6 h after adding MeJA, which was 2.23-fold higher than control. The accumulation of triptolide and wilforine in hairy roots increased the maximum at 9 h, which was 1.3- and 1.6-folds more than the control. Most of the triptolide secretes into the medium, but wilforgine and wilforine cannot secrete into the medium. The expression levels of unigenes which involved terpenoid backbone biosynthesis exist the correlation with marker metabolites (triptolide, wilforgine and wilforine) after induction by MeJA, and can be then used to infer flux bottlenecks in T. wilfordii secondary metabolites accumulation. These results showed that these genes may have potential applications in the metabolic engineering of T. wilfordii metabolites production.