Background: The COVID-19 pandemic caused significant disruptions to global healthcare systems, including essential services along the HIV care continuum (HCC). While several studies have examined these impacts in specific countries or populations, limited evidence exists on cross-country differences in service disruptions, barriers, and facilitators stratified by national income levels. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology and PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, and CAB Direct for quantitative and qualitative studies published between March 2020 and January 2024. Eligible studies assessed the pandemic’s impact on one or more stages of the HIV care continuum, including prevention, testing, linkage to care, treatment engagement, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, and viral suppression. Data were extracted, appraised, and synthesized using a convergent integrated approach across low-, middle-, and high-income countries as defined by the World Bank. Results: A total of 200 studies were included. The most frequently disrupted services were HIV testing, prevention (including pre-exposure prophylaxis [PrEP] use), and medical appointments, particularly in high- and middle-income countries. ART adherence and viral suppression showed greater resilience across all settings. Structural barriers, such as lockdowns, healthcare repurposing, and transportation limitations, were widespread, while digital exclusion, stigma, and socioeconomic inequities disproportionately affected marginalized populations. Key facilitators included telemedicine, multi-month dispensing of ART and PrEP, community-based service delivery, and national-level adaptations. The extent of disruption and success of mitigation strategies varied by income level, reflecting differences in health system preparedness and flexibility. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted HIV care globally, with variation across income levels and care continuum stages. Health system resilience, equity in access, and pre-existing adaptive infrastructure significantly shaped outcomes. Findings highlight the need to institutionalize flexible, decentralized, and equity-informed service models to strengthen routine HIV care and pandemic preparedness.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic affected the self-management and care of people living with HIV, requiring adaptations in the way health services are provided. However, it is unclear how these changes impacted HIV care in low-income countries.Methods: A systematic review including the current evidence related to changes in HIV care continuum during COVID-19 was conducted through a systematic search in the online databases including CINAHL, OVID-Medline, CAB Direct, and OVID-Embase. A two-step screening process was carried out to include eligible papers and reports according to inclusion criteria.Results: From the searches we identified 21 total studies published between 2021 and 2024, the studies revealed mostly negative impacts on all stages of the HIV care continuum in low-income countries. There were impacts related to the blocking measures due to COVID-19, fear of contracting the disease, difficulties in providing resources such as income, food and transports, reductions in the provision of care from prevention to viral suppression.Conclusion: Overall, researchers identified several negative impacts of COVID-19 restrictions on HIV care continuum during pandemic; however, some observations indicated indirect positive impacts on some aspects of HIV care. Decline in HIV care practices during pandemic compared to before pandemic were observed including using preventative methods, counseling and testing, receiving HIV healthcare services, HIV medical appointments, antiretroviral adherence, engagement with treatment, and poor viral suppression. However, in some evidence improvement in ART adherence and PrEP use were observed.

Introduction: The HIV care continuum during the COVID‐19 era faced specific challenges. The pandemic, affecting the delivery of HIV care, exacerbated existing healthcare inequities and vulnerabilities in middle‐income countries with limited financial resources. This study aims to set the stage for the systematic review, focusing on the impact of COVID‐19 on HIV care in middle‐income countries with a focus on barriers and facilitators.Methods: A systematic search of relevant literature, including electronic databases and manual assessment of references, was done. The review included quantitative, qualitative and mixed‐methods studies conducted in middle‐income countries, with no age or gender restrictions. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used for reporting the results.Results: In the course of our systematic review, a comprehensive examination of the pertinent literature published between 2020 and 2024 yielded a total of 76 studies. This adverse impact was prominently attributed to an amalgamation of factors intrinsically associated with pandemic‐induced restrictions, fear of contracting the COVID‐19 and fear of disclosing HIV status. Moreover, an emergent theme observed in select studies underscored the enduring trend of HIV treatment continuity, which was facilitated by the burgeoning utilization of telemedicine within this context.Discussion: The pandemic negatively affected income and increased vulnerability to HIV across all phases of the HIV care continuum, except for viral suppression. Prevention measures, such as pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), were compromised, leading to increased risky behaviours and compromised mental health among people living with HIV. HIV testing and diagnosis faced challenges, with reduced access and frequency, particularly among key populations. The pandemic also disrupted linkage and retention in care, especially in urban areas, exacerbating barriers to accessing necessary HIV treatment. Additionally, this review highlights the complex and multifaceted landscape of the pandemic's impact on HIV medical appointments, adherence and treatment engagement, with various barriers identified, including fear of COVID‐19, economic constraints and disruptions in healthcare services.Conclusions: The coexistence of pandemics has had negative effects on the HIV care continuum, with restrictions on services, an increase in care gaps and a break in the transmission chain in middle‐income countries.

Background/Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent condition that contributes to adverse outcomes in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA). This study applied machine learning clustering algorithms to identify comorbidity profiles among diabetic THA patients and evaluate their association with postoperative outcomes. Methods: The 2015–2021 National Inpatient Sample was queried using ICD-10 CM/PCS codes to identify DM patients undergoing THA. Forty-nine comorbidities, complications, and clinical covariates were incorporated into clustering analysis. The Davies–Bouldin and Calinski–Harabasz indices determined the optimal number of clusters. Multivariate logistic regression assessed risk of non-routine discharge (NRD), and Kruskal–Wallis H testing evaluated length-of-stay (LOS) differences. Results: A total of 73,606 patients were included. Six clusters were identified, ranging from 107 to 61,505 patients. Cluster 6, enriched for urinary tract infection and sepsis, had the highest risk of NRD (OR 7.83, p < 0.001) and the longest median LOS (9.0 days). Clusters 1–4 had shorter recoveries with median LOS of 2.0 days and narrow variability, while Cluster 5 showed intermediate outcomes. Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc testing confirmed significant differences across clusters (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Machine learning clustering of diabetic THA patients revealed six distinct groups with varied comorbidity profiles. Infection-driven clusters carried the highest risk for non-routine discharge and prolonged hospitalization. This approach provides a novel framework for risk stratification and may inform targeted perioperative management strategies.