The simultaneous occurrence of primary headaches and temporomandibular disorders can pose a challenge in determining the best clinical management of patients. Therefore, we aimed to summarize evidence regarding the risk and prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in migraine and tension-type headaches (TTH) patients. Cross-sectional studies published in English comparing the presence of TMDs in adults with TTH or migraine to subjects without headaches were included, International Classification of Orofacial Pain, Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders or Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders, and large epidemiological studies (sensitive diagnostic criteria (SDC)). The methodological quality was assessed by Modified Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Odds ratio (OR) and random effects were calculated. 1405 articles were identified in PubMed, Embase and Central databases, and 13 cross-sectional studies were finally included. Overall Risk of TMDs was statistically significantly higher than control groups in both Migraine (SDC: 11 studies; OR: 3.79 (2.43, 5.90); I2 = 99%), with higher values in chronic migraine (OR: 24.27; (95% Confidence interval (CI): 5.84, 100.82); I2 = 0%) and TTH populations (SDC: 8 studies; OR: 4.45 (2.63, 7.53); I2 = 86%). Headache subjects presented a higher risk of muscular TMDs (5 studies; OR: 2.01 (1.62, 2.50); I2 = 0%), Combined TMDs (5 studies; OR: 2.74 (1.40, 5.36); I2 = 63%), or Painful TMDs (8 studies; OR: 5.31 (2.96, 9.54); I2 = 96%). Headache patients didn’t show the risk of arthrogenous TMDs (4 studies; OR: 0.96 (0.54, 1.71); I2 = 33%) or nonpainful TMDs (2 studies; OR: 1.10 (0.28, 4.26); I2 = 84%). The high heterogeneity in the results was reduced following subgroup analysis. Migraine and TTH appear to increase the risk of painful, myogenous or combined arthrogenous and myogenous TMDs.

Introduction Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are musculoskeletal disorders characterised by jaw pain and typically temporomandibular joint limitations. Resistance training (RT) has been shown to be effective at reducing pain and improving function for different musculoskeletal conditions (eg, neck pain, low back pain); however, the effectiveness of RT for patients with TMDs remains unclear. This systematic review will evaluate the effectiveness of RT on pain and temporomandibular joint range of motion in people with TMDs. Methods and analysis The report of this protocol aligns with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols. The search strategy will be conducted from 1 March 2024 to 31 March 2024 via the following electronic databases: MEDLINE (OVID interface), EMBASE (OVID interface), SCOPUS, Web of Science, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Any randomised controlled trials or non-randomised studies of interventions in adults with TMD that examine RT targeting the masticatory muscles, compared to other interventions not including RT, will be included. Primary outcomes will be jaw pain intensity and maximal mouth opening. Secondary outcomes will include measures of neuromuscular performance and pressure pain thresholds. Two independent reviewers will conduct the screening of articles for inclusion, data extraction, risk-of-bias assessment using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for included studies and will evaluate the overall quality of evidence following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. A meta-analysis will be performed where applicable. Alternately, a narrative synthesis will be performed by adhering to the synthesis without meta-analysis guidelines. Data will be summarised according to the outcome measures or, when this is not possible, according to other pertinent variables such as TMD type (ie, temporomandibular joint disorders, masticatory muscle disorders and mixed disorders). Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not necessary, since this study does not involve the collection of primary data. The results will be disseminated through presentations at scientific conferences and publication in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO registration number CRD42023476269.

Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), neck pain (NP), and cervicogenic headache (CGH) frequently co-occur. We aimed to assess TMD prevalence and orofacial clinical features in adults with NP or CGH versus asymptomatic controls. Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to 31 July 2025. Eligible designs were analytical cross-sectional studies comparing TMD prevalence, signs, or symptoms between NP/CGH patients and controls. Outcomes included TMD prevalence, jaw mobility, masticatory muscle pressure pain thresholds (PPT), and palpation findings. Risk of bias was appraised with the JBI analytical cross-sectional checklist. Random-effects meta-analyses synthesized odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous and mean/standardized mean differences (MDs/SMDs) for continuous outcomes; heterogeneity was quantified with I² (and τ² where available). Small-study effects were inspected visually (k < 10). Certainty of evidence was assessed with GRADE. Results: From 4130 records, nine studies met the criteria (eight NP, 400 subjects; one CGH, 44 subjects). NP was associated with higher TMD prevalence versus controls (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.35–9.84; I² = 13%). Jaw mobility was reduced in either pain-free opening (one study), unassisted opening (one study), or maximum assisted opening (three studies; MD −6.16 mm, 95% CI −10.05; −2.28; I² = 83%). PPTs were lower in symptomatic groups for masseter (SMD −1.11, 95% CI −1.89 to −0.32; three studies; I² = 92.6%) and temporalis (SMD −0.77, 95% CI −1.04 to −0.50; five studies; I² = 69%). Myofascial trigger points and pain on palpation of masticatory muscles or TMJ were more frequent in experimental groups. Discussion: The findings suggest consistent associations between NP/CGH and TMD prevalence with signs of orofacial dysfunctions. Certainty of evidence was very low due to the cross-sectional design, incomplete confounding control, and moderate heterogeneity for several outcomes. Conclusions: Adults with NP/CGH show higher TMD prevalence and reduced jaw mobility with lower masticatory PPTs. The results support integrated assessment, and prospective longitudinal studies are needed.

Manual Therapy is one of the most widely used therapeutic solutions in the treatment of pain and musculoskeletal disorders. Its evolution began several centuries ago and culminated in the modern reference methods in the field of physiotherapy, osteopathy, and chiropractic, which mainly address the treatment of joint and myofascial tissues. The advent of evidence-based medicine and the ever-growing literature available in the field of Manual Therapy has led this therapeutic approach to be heavily criticized on the basis of studies that have shown its limitations with regard to manual and palpatory assessment techniques, the poor biomechanical validity of therapeutic methods, and the poor long-term results in the treatment of patients with musculoskeletal pain. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of Manual Therapy, as well as of the mediators of the medium- and long-term effectiveness of musculoskeletal rehabilitation processes, has made it possible to reconsider the role of Manual Therapy and the healthcare professionals specializing in manipulative therapy within the framework of the biopsychosocial model, which focuses on the patient and their functionality.

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