Background/Objectives: Sex estimation from craniofacial morphology is a fundamental component of biological profile construction in forensic anthropology. Population-specific reference data for Thai individuals derived from computed tomography (CT) remain limited, and direct comparisons between discriminant function analysis (DFA) and machine learning classifiers are frequently complicated by inconsistent validation protocols. This study aimed to characterize sexual dimorphism in CT-derived craniofacial measurements, compare the classification performance of DFA, support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF) under a unified validation protocol, and demonstrate their practical application in a forensic context. Methods: CT images from 300 Thai adults (150 males, 150 females; age range 20–90 years) were obtained from Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University. Eight linear craniofacial measurements spanning the cranial vault, facial skeleton, nasal aperture, and orbital region were obtained from each case. DFA, SVM, and RF were developed and compared under a unified leave-one-out cross-validation protocol. Classification performance was assessed using accuracy, AUC, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). Results: Seven of eight measurements exhibited statistically significant sexual dimorphism, with facial breadth and nasal height demonstrating the greatest dimorphism. DFA achieved the highest classification accuracy of 85.7%, AUC of 0.924, and MCC of 0.713, incorporating five measurements into the canonical function. SVM and RF achieved comparable accuracy of 84.7% and 84.0%, respectively. All three classifiers correctly classified both forensic application cases with high confidence. Conclusions: CT-derived craniofacial measurements provide a reliable basis for sex estimation in Thai adults. The convergence of performance across all three classifiers under a unified internal validation protocol strengthens confidence in the internally validated performance estimates. The derived discriminant function equation and saved machine learning models constitute a complementary and immediately applicable toolkit for CT-based forensic sex estimation in the Thai population.

Background/Objective: Accurate biological profile estimation from skeletal remains is fundamental to forensic identification. While the humerus demonstrates considerable sexual dimorphism, population-specific validation data for Thai populations remain limited. This study aimed to develop and independently validate population-specific equations for sex and stature estimation from humeral measurements in Northeastern Thai populations. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 300 adult humeri (150 male, 150 female) from the Khon Kaen University skeletal collection. Four osteometric measurements (maximum length, midshaft circumference, epicondylar breadth, superior–inferior head diameter) and weight were recorded. The sample was randomly divided into development (n = 200) and validation (n = 100) datasets. Logistic regression for sex estimation and linear regression for stature estimation were developed using stepwise selection. Results: Sex classification achieved 93.5% accuracy in development and 93.0% in independent validation. The optimal model incorporated midshaft circumference, superior–inferior head diameter, and weight, with an area under the curve of 0.977 (95% CI: 0.953–1.000), sensitivity 90.0%, specificity 96.0%, and Cohen’s kappa 0.86. Stature estimation demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.81 with a mean absolute error of 4.36 cm (2.74% of the mean stature). Independent validation confirmed minimal performance deterioration for both models. Conclusions: These independently validated, population-specific equations provide accurate and reliable methods for biological profile estimation in Northeastern Thai forensic contexts. The rigorous validation framework supports confident operational application and provides a methodological model for developing regional forensic standards.

Chronic stress (CS) contributes to male infertility, reduced testosterone levels, and impaired semen quality. CS models induced by glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone (DEX), negatively affect sperm parameters and testicular health, notably by promoting testicular apoptosis. While individual plant extracts have been studied for their ability to mitigate stress-induced reproductive dysfunction, the preventive effect of the Tri Garn Pis (TGP) polyherbal extract in DEX-induced CS (DexCS) has not previously been investigated. This study evaluated the effects of TGP extract on testicular function, sexual behavior, and sperm quality in DexCS male mice. Seventy-two ICR mice were randomly divided into six groups: control, DexCS, TGP (50, 100, and 200) + DexCS, and TGP200. Mice received TGP (50, 100, 200 mg/kgBW) for 14 days before DEX co-treatment for 28 days. Behavioral and reproductive assessments included depression-like behavior tests, sexual behavior, sperm quality, testicular histopathology, steroidogenesis proteins (AR, CYP11A1, StAR), and apoptosis markers (Hsp70, caspase-3, caspase-9). TGP extract—which is rich in phenolics and flavonoids with antioxidant activity—improved depressive behavior, sexual performance, testicular histology, and low sperm quality. TGP also upregulated testicular StAR expression while reducing caspase-3 and caspase-9 levels. TGP prevents testicular apoptosis, sexual dysfunction, and poor sperm motility induced by DexCS.

Background/Objectives: The external occipital protuberance (EOP) is an anatomical landmark with radiological and anthropological implications. Although the morphology and prevalence of EOP have been studied in many populations, data remain lacking for Northeastern Thais. Population-specific characterization of EOP variation may improve diagnostic and forensic accuracy applications. Materials and Methods: This study has investigated the prevalence and morphometry of EOPs using two primary sources: CT brain scans from 750 adult patients (375 males, 375 females) and anatomical investigations of 1060 dry skulls. EOPs were classified as Type I (flat), Type II (crest), or Type III (spur). Measurements for Type II (crest-shaped) EOPs were performed using standardized linear and angular parameters. Data differences were analyzed by sex and age group; intra- and inter-observer reliability was calculated for imaging measurements. Results: The study showed that Type II EOP was most common in both CT (56.1%) and dry skull (64.6%) samples. Type I was significantly more frequent in females (CT: 37.0%; dry skull: 32.8%), while Type III prevalence was higher in males (CT: 28.5%; dry skull: 18.4%). After age 60, the incidence of Type III declined in both datasets. Type II EOPs were significantly larger in males (mean crest length in CT: males 7.1 ± 0.1 mm, females 5.6 ± 0.1 mm; p < 0.001), with notable sex- and age-associated variation in associated angular dimensions. Conclusions: These findings established the first region-specific morphometric reference database for EOP in Northeastern Thais. The demonstrated sexual dimorphism in Type II EOP measurements provided the foundational data that may support future applications in clinical assessment, radiological interpretation, and forensic sex estimation in this population.

Background/Objectives: Determination of the biological profile, particularly sex and stature, constitutes an essential component for individual identification in forensic and archaeological anthropology; however, validation of anthropometric equations remains inadequately implemented in contemporary research. This study addresses two limitations: the isolated development of sex and stature estimation methods and the lack of rigorous validation using independent samples. Methods: In this research, we analyzed 400 well-preserved scapulae from a Northeastern Thai population divided into training (n = 300: 150 male scapulae, 150 female scapulae) and validation (n = 100: 50 male scapulae, 50 female scapulae) groups. Eight standardized measurements were used for both sex and stature estimation. Results: All measurements demonstrated significant sexual dimorphism, with males exhibiting larger dimensions. For sex estimation, a multivariate model incorporating the maximum scapular height, maximum length of the spine, and scapula weight achieved 96.3% accuracy in the training samples and maintained 95.0% accuracy in independent validation. For stature estimation, a three-variable equation combining scapula weight, longitudinal scapular length, and maximum scapular breadth was strongly correlated (R = 0.769, SEE = 5.32 cm) with consistent performance across validation samples. Conclusions: Validation testing confirmed the high accuracy, reliability, and stability of both equations when applied to independent samples, with no significant differences in performance metrics between training and validation groups. These validated equations provide reliable standards for forensic practitioners analyzing scapular remains in practical applications within the northeastern Thai population.

Background: Sex estimation from skeletal remains is important for forensic identification, but many methodologies focus on complete elements despite high fragmentation rates in operational contexts. The aim of this study was to develop and validate discriminant function equations for sex estimation between complete and fragmented Thai femora. Materials and Methods: A total of 560 adult femora (280 males and 280 females) were used for measurements of eight osteometric variables. Then, discriminant function analysis was applied to complete femora and anatomically isolated segments, including proximal, diaphyseal, and distal, with leave-one-out cross-validation. Results: All measurements showed significant sexual dimorphism, with percentage differences ranging from 6.56% to 42.27%. Complete femur stepwise analysis achieved 90.47% accuracy by using four optimally selected variables, performing comparably to eight-variable models. Isolated segment accuracies varied substantially: proximal segments achieved 89.64% accuracy, differing by only 0.83 percentage points from complete performance; distal segments demonstrated 86.25% accuracy from bicondylar width alone; and diaphyseal segments achieved 80.88%. Combined segment approaches demonstrated synergistic effects approaching complete femur performance. Conclusions: These population-specific equations provided validated methodologies for sex estimation from complete and fragmentary Thai femora. Anatomical region selection still maintained high classification accuracy despite skeletal incompleteness, in line with the fragmentary conditions commonly encountered in forensic and archeological contexts.