An experiment was conducted using 300 growing Ross 308 broilers from 23 to 40 days of age. Six dietary treatments were formulated. A basal diet contained 1.48% Dicalcium Phosphate (DCP) was used as a control diet (diet 1). Diets 2 and 3 contained 50% and 25% of the DCP of diet 1 (0.74 and 0.37%, respectively), while diet 4 was formulated without DCP. Diets 3 and 4 were fed without or with supplemented phytase enzyme (500 U/kg). Every dietary treatment was fed to 5 replicates (10 chicks each). The results showed no significant differences between birds fed diets containing 1.48 % DCP or 0.74% DCP on BWG, FI and FCR. Reducing dietary DCP level to 0.37% slightly decreased BWG compared with birds fed 0.74% DCP with inferior value of FCR. When DCP was removed from the diet BWG significantly (p<0.01) decreased and FCR recorded worth value. Addition of 500 U phytase/kg to diet 3 of 0.37% DCP significantly enhanced BWG (p<0.01), feed intake and FCR (p<0.05). Addition of phytase to the diet of no DCP did improve neither BWG nor FCR. Decreasing dietary DCP did not significantly affect length, weights and width of tibia either with or without phytase supplementation. However, birds fed the highest level of dietary DCP showed the highest values of tibia weight and length among the different groups. Tibia breaking strength (kgf) significantly (p<0.001) decreased as dietary DCP level decreased. Addition of phytase significantly (p<0.001) improved tibia breaking strength and tibia ash %. Addition of phytase to diet of low DCP did increase tibia Ca and P to reach values comparable with those of the control diet. Decreasing dietary DCP showed significant (p<0.001) decrease in the excreted Ca and P. Addition of phytase to diets of low or no DCP also decreased (p<0.001) the excreted Ca and P. This means that phytase increased the utilization of dietary Ca and P. The excreted Ca and P decreased by 41.22% and 55.26%, respectively, when birds were fed diet of no DCP compared to those fed the control diet. Also, addition of phytase enzyme to diets of low or no DCP decreased the excreted percentage of Ca and P. It could be concluded that reducing dietary P level and using phytase enzyme could be used to limit quantity of P excreted from broilers. This reduce such impact in environmental pollution.

Green synthesis of nanomaterials is the most recent trend in nanotechnology since it takes into consideration the sustainable development and waste recycling, and it produces high value materials. Furthermore, the green synthesis excludes the use or production of toxic and hazardous chemicals to the environment. This work aimed to the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using pomegranate peels extract as a reducing and capping reagent instead of chemicals. Structural and morphological characterization of ZnO NPs was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX). In addition to the application of ZnO NPs as a green insecticide to control two destructive stored product insect pests; the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and the Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier). The results of XRD, FTIR-ATR and EDX confirmed the formation of ZnO NPs. Also, XRD and HRTEM affirmed that the size of synthesized ZnO NPs have very small size around 4nm. The toxicity studies showed that green synthesized ZnO NPs exhibited a progressive increase in mortality of S. oryzae and S. cerealella adults subjected to treated wheat grains by increasing exposure intervals and concentration. A post toxic effect on progeny counts of S. oryzae and S. cerealella adults exposed to 3 concentrations of ZnO NPs was observed. Adherence of ZnO NPs to the body surface of treated adults was visualized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Images showed strong uptake and massively attachment of nanoparticles through different parts of insect body. The present work suggests that eco-friendly synthesized ZnO NPs are promising green insecticide to control S. oryzae and S. cerealella stored product insect pests.

Green synthesis of nanomaterials is the most recent trend in nanotechology because it is synthesized the highly valuable compounds (nanomaterials) from wastes to reduce the highly negative impact of these wastes in environment. The aim of this study was to isolate and purify the most common mycotoxin, aflatoxin producing fungi from Maize and soybean grains which considered as the great economical importance as both animal and human feed. In addition to green synthesized of a-Al₂O₃ from cans and to detect its antifungal effect on the isolate’s growth at different concentrations. Thereafter, determining the fungicidal concentration of the tested nanoparticles on the isolated fungal strains. The structural, morphological, optical and antifungal activity of the prepared a-Al₂O_3. are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Attenuated total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. Results shows that, the most common fungal strains presented were belonging to Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria sp.. Formation of Al₂O₃ is confirmed using XRD, FESEM and ATR –FTIR. The average particle size of a-Al₂O₃ is 4-10 nm. Optical band gap of a-Al₂O₃ are calculated using Tauc relation. Through investigating the fungicide concentration, Data showed that the maximum antifungal activity of aluminum nanoparticles a-Al₂O₃ was detected for A. flavus, Fusarium sp.and Alternaria sp. in concentration 1, 6 and 50 mg/100ml respectively.