Milking methods have significant impacts on the microbiological composition, which could affect the quality of raw buffalo milk. Hence, the current study was conducted on the impact of milking methods on microorganisms in buffalo tank raw milk from 15 farms in Guangxi, China. The farms were divided into two groups based on the milking method: mechanical milking (MM, n = 6) and hand milking (HM, n = 9). Somatic cell counts, bacterial cell counts and nutrients of the raw buffalo milk samples were analyzed. The comparison of raw buffalo milk samples was analyzed using metagenomic sequencing to detect any differences between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the basic nutritional compositions and somatic cell count of raw buffalo milk between the two milking methods. However, the HM samples had significantly higher bacterial counts and diversity compared to the MM samples. The results showed that Staphylococcus spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. were the major microbes present in canned raw buffalo milk. However, the differences between the two milking methods were the relative abundance of core microorganisms and their potential mastitis-causing genera, including the content of antibiotic-resistance genes and virulence genes. Our study revealed that Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were significantly more abundant in the MM group, while Klebsiella spp. was more abundant in the HM group. Regardless of the milking method used, Pseudomonas spp. was identified as the primary genus contributing to antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in canned raw buffalo milk. These findings affirm that there are differences in the microbial and genomic levels in canned raw milk. To prove the functional roles of the discovered genes and how these genes affect milk quality, further research and experimental validation are necessary.

Although the fried products are delicious with a tenderizing effect on the crust due to the presence of fat, over-consumption of fried products causes health problems, especially coronary diseases. The tendency of proteins in film formation and thermal gelation to reduce the absorption of oil in fried products is emphasized. The purpose of this study was to determine the reduction of oil in deep-fried squid by the incorporation of protein hydrolysate and to discuss its effect. Yellowstripe scad protein hydrolysate was produced using Alcalase® enzyme. Fat content was determined using the Soxhlet method, subsequently substituted into a formulation for oil uptake calculation. The viscosity of batter was determined using a rheometer. The viscosity of the batter and batter pick-up was found to be directly proportional, showing a significantly reduced pattern from 0 to 20%. Incorporating 10% of fish protein hydrolysate successfully decreased oil absorption by 17.35±0.73% with a good water retention rate of 38.46%. The addition of the Yellowstripe scad fish protein hydrolysate modified the size and shape of the pore. Sensory acceptance portrayed no significant difference among the three samples (0%, 5% and 10% of incorporation), indicating that panellists were able to accept samples incorporated with fish protein hydrolysate. The findings of this study showed that Yellowstripe scad protein hydrolysate can minimize the uptake of oil in fried seafood products and thus could increase the economic value of the Yellowstripe scad fish.

Farm management has a significant impact on microbial composition and may affect the quality of raw buffalo milk. This study involved a diversity analysis and traceability of the microbial communities in raw buffalo milk from three buffalo farms at different management ranks in Guangxi Province, China. The microbial composition of the raw buffalo milk and its environmental sources were investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The results demonstrated that different management ranks significantly influenced microbial composition in milk, with the primary sources of contamination varying across farms. The env.OPS_17 was the predominant differential bacterium in farm rank A, whereas Enterobacteriaceae, Aerococcaceae, and Planococcaceae were dominant in farm rank B. The Fast Expectation–Maximization for Microbial Source Tracking model revealed that while the sources of microbial contamination varied across farms at different management ranks, the teat and teat liner consistently emerged as the primary sources of microbial contamination in raw buffalo milk. This study provides important insights into how different farm management ranks affect the microbial composition of raw buffalo milk, highlighting the importance of improved management practices during milk production, particularly in cleaning the milking equipment and farm environment, as these are key factors in ensuring the quality and safety of raw buffalo milk.

Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the most common and detrimental diseases affecting dairy cows, causing lower milk yield and quality. Identification of pathogenic bacteria of subclinical mastitis (PSM) in dairy cows is crucial for selecting suitable antibiotic treatments and implementing effective prophylactic measures. This paper highlights the first systematic study to investigate the PSM in buffalo farms in Guangxi, China. It also analyzes the antibiotic resistance and virulence characteristics of typical PSM. The bacteriological characteristics of 132 milk samples collected from buffaloes with SCM across 3 representative buffalo farms in Guangxi, China were investigated. A total of 1659 bacterial strains were isolated and classified into 46 genera and 183 species, where 1058 bacterial strains were identified as PSM, representing 64% of the total isolates. The frequently isolated PSM in total samples were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (55.30%), Enterococcus faecalis (51.52%), Escherichia coli (31.82%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.03%). All PSM strains showed multiple antibiotic resistance. Notably, E. faecalis and Lactococcus garvieae were resistant to all 12 antibiotics, whereas Staphylococcus chromogenes (95.24%), E. coli (89.19%), K. pneumoniae (83.87%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (83.33%) were sensitive to levofloxacin (LEV). Additionally, E. coli exhibited the strongest mortality of Galleria mellonella. This study concluded that multiple PSM are present in the milk of buffaloes suffering from SCM in Guangxi, China. LEV may be a suitable antibiotic for the treatment of PSM. In the future, it is necessary to monitor the prevalence of PSM in buffalo farms and develop control strategies to prevent their spread.