Objective: Underdiagnosis of female genital tuberculosis (FGTB) often leads to infertility. In this study, we aimed to determine the site and histopathologic patterns of FGTB and its correlation with clinical presentation and acid-fast bacilli (AFB) status. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 122 patients with a histopathological diagnosis of FGTB at the Department of Pathology, College of Health Sciences (CHS), Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (TASH), Addis Ababa University (AAU), from January 1, 2013, to August 30, 2022. Results: Female genital tuberculosis was found in 0.94% of the gynecology specimens examined. The most common presentations were menstrual disturbance, abdominopelvic pain, and infertility. Among patients with FGTB, 4.6% exhibited misleading clinical and radiologic findings, leading to suspicion of malignancy and subsequent aggressive surgical management. The endometrium was the most frequently affected organ, followed by the fallopian tube, ovary, cervix, and vulva. In the majority of tuberculous endometritis cases (53.3%), histopathology revealed early-stage granulomas. Acid-fast bacilli were found in a significant proportion (42.6%) of FGTB tissues with TB histopathology. The ovary had the highest rate of AFB detection, followed by the fallopian tube, endometrium, and cervix. Conclusion: Female genital tuberculosis should be considered in reproductive-age women presenting with menstrual irregularities, abdominopelvic pain, infertility, or an abdominopelvic mass. The endometrium is commonly affected, displaying early granulomas with low AFB positivity.

Background: Accurate information on childhood cancer survival is essential for improving health systems. Survival is believed to be low in low-resource countries, but population-based survival estimates are scant. We aim to provide reliable and comparable survival estimates in these settings. Methods: We included 16 821 patients from 47 population-based cancer registries in 23 countries in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Asia. We used the Cancer Survival in Countries in Transition project data (children aged younger than 15 years, diagnosed 2008-2012, followed until 2014) and data from Rwanda (2013-2017, followed until 2022). We estimated 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year observed survival using the Kaplan–Meier method, by diagnostic group, country, region, Human Development Index, income, and sex. Results: Survival was higher in registries included from the Caribbean (namely, Puerto Rico [United States], Martinique [France]) and Central America (Costa Rica), Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa compared with those included from South America and sub-Saharan Africa. Survival correlated with the Human Development Index. For leukemia, 3-year survival varied from 30.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.4% to 50.6%) in Kenya to 89.5% (95% CI = 83.8% to 93.2%) in Puerto Rico; for central nervous system tumors from 32.0% (95% CI = 13.9% to 51.8%) in Algeria to 79.3% (95% CI = 69.1% to 86.5%) in Puerto Rico. The findings should be interpreted with care, as registry coverage varies and may not reflect national and regional survival. Conclusion: The variability of the population-based survival estimates across predominantly low- and middle-income countries highlights gaps in cancer registration, access to care, and quality of care. This study provides benchmark data for the World Health Organization Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer generated by population-based cancer registries, which should be supported in all countries.

We report the case of a 9-month-old female infant who presented with a history of enlarging chest wall mass secondary to a lipoblastoma with intrathoracic extension. The baby was successfully treated with a surgical resection. Chest wall lipoblastomas with intrathoracic extension are quite uncommon, with few reports available to date.

Background: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a significant public health concern in Ethiopia. However, data on non-infectious risk factors are scarce. Methods: We conducted an age- and sex-matched hospital-based case–control study at two referral hospitals in Ethiopia, enrolling 207 NHL cases and 405 controls. Self-reported occupational, medical, and lifestyle-related exposures were collected via structured interviews. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs), adjusting for education and residence. Results: NHL cases were predominantly male (64.3%) with the majority diagnosed between ages 36–65. Low-grade NHL was the most common subtype (56.4%). Rural residence (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.71–4.0) and lower educational level (OR = 2.08, 95%CI: 1.33–3.15) were significantly associated with NHL. Occupational exposures, including gardening (AOR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.04–2.2), pesticide use (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.34–3.40), agricultural work (AOR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.12–2.83), and keeping farm animals within the household (AOR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.51–3.84) were linked to higher NHL odds. In contrast, smoking (AOR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.17–0.55) and alcohol consumption (AOR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.35–0.87) were inversely associated with NHL. A history of infection requiring hospitalization (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.15–3.96) and tonsillectomy/uvulectomy (AOR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.19–5.71) were associated with increased NHL odds. Subgroup analysis revealed stronger associations between occupational exposures and high-grade NHL, while low-grade NHL was linked to tonsillectomy/uvulectomy. Conclusions: Occupational, medical, and lifestyle-related factors are associated with NHL risk in Ethiopia.

Introduction: Urachal adenocarcinoma is a rare non urothelial malignancy which arises from the urachus, which is a fibrous remnant of allantois that extends from the bladder to the umbilicus. Case presentation: A 36 years old man presented with haematuria of 3 months duration. Cystoscopy revealed single solid growth at the dome of the bladder. Transurethral resection (TUR) biopsy showed invasive adenocarcinoma, on pelvic MRI there was 5 cm * 3 cm bladder dome mass. Partial cystectomy with en-bloc resection of the urachus and umbilicus was done. The pathology result becomes mucinous adenocarcinoma and surgical margins were free. Discussion: Patients usually present with nonspecific symptoms. The most common manifestation is haematuria. Due to late symptomatic presentation it has poor prognosis. The mainstay of management is partial or radical cystectomy with en-bloc resection of the urachus and umbilicus. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy needs to be established. Conclusion: Primary urachal adeno carcinoma is a rare disease. Due to the rarity of the case there is no standard clinical guideline for the management of urachal cancer. Its tendency for local invasion, late symptomatic presentation, and metastasis can lead to a poor prognosis. Timely diagnosis and early partial or radical cystectomy with enbloc resection of the urachus and umbilicus is critical for the survival of the patient. Highlights:

Introduction and importance: Mucinous Tubular and Spindle Cell Carcinoma (MTSCC) of the kidney is a rare variant, first classified by WHO in 2004 classification of RCC. MSCC has distinct morphology and immunohistochemistry unlike challenging previous renal tumor classifications. Despite its rarity, MTSCC diagnosis is important due to its unique characteristics. Case presentation: We present a 56-year-old female with a decade-long history of right-side abdominal pain and swelling. Physical examination revealed a 15*10 cm mass on the right flank. Imaging indicated a heterogeneously enhancing right renal mass, diagnosed as localized right Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC). A radical nephrectomy was performed, and the biopsy confirmed MTSCC. The patient was discharged on the 6th post-op day, with no adjuvant treatment due to localized tumors. Clinical discussion: MTSCC, constituting <1 % of RCC, primarily affects females (1:3-4) with an indolent course. Radical nephrectomy is the preferred treatment, offering a favorable prognosis. However, a small percentage may experience metastasis, necessitating mandatory follow-up. Conclusion: MTSCC of the kidney is a rare RCC variant with an excellent prognosis. Surgical excision, specifically radical nephrectomy, is the mainstay of treatment. Adjuvant therapy may not be required for localized tumors. Postoperative follow-up is crucial, despite the rare risk of metastasis reported in some cases. Highlights: