The Nura river is the main water artery of the vast Tengiz–Korgalzhyn depression. The river originates from the confluence of several small springs. In its upper course (up to the confluence with the Akbastau river), it is known as Keregetas, Karashoky, and Baykozha. The spring flood begins almost simultaneously throughout the basin in mid-March and lasts until mid-May, and on some watercourses — until mid-June. During the flood period, more than 80% of the annual runoff occurs. The flood usually takes place in the first half of April. Its total duration ranges from 16 to 42 days, with a maximum of 36–100 and a minimum of 1–18 days. The high-water level lasts from several hours to 1–3 days, while the decline of water levels is gradual and may extend up to two months (from early April to late May). The study uses hydrological data provided by “Kazhydromet.” An analysis was performed on the calculated maximum discharges of the river during spring floods, its flood volumes, water-level fluctuation amplitudes and water levels of different probabilities. Flood inundation analysis was carried out using cartographic materials at a 1:1.000.000 scale. Preventive measures for protecting territories and settlements from flooding are proposed. Longitudinal profile along the Nura–Yesil watershed has been constructed. Calculations were performed using construction norms (SNiP) and methodologies referenced. This article is of particular value for hydrology, life safety, hydraulic engineering, and highway construction, and it may be useful for adjusting the SKIOVR documentation.

A methodology has been developed for assessing and assigning a coefficient of "infringement" of water supply to irrigated agricultural consumers and natural and economic complexes. The issues of optimizing water distribution in the context of uncertainty of the inflow of water resources are considered. To solve the multi-purpose problem, a method was proposed for optimizing water distribution with a criterion condition for limiting the infringement of environmental launches in the interval of low-water and medium-water years. The article discusses the issues of optimizing water distribution in the event of a lack of water inflow. A methodology was developed for assessing and assigning a "infringement" factor for the "pressure" coefficient of water supply to water consumers and natural and economic complexes of irrigated agriculture. The most important negative environmental result is a decrease in runoff both during the year and in the long-term period, as well as an unnatural increase in the cycle of low-water years. The criterion for limiting environmental effluents between low-water and medium-water years has been considered to solve a multipurpose issue. To preserve river ecosystems the most important task at the present stage is the scientific substantiation of the permissible volumes of receiving and establishing the environmental flow of rivers. In addition, this environmental regulation has common properties for all watercourses. However, the ecosystem of each river has its own characteristics and characteristics, which are determined by geographical location, climatic, morphological, hydrological and other conditions. Therefore, depending on the individuality and uniqueness of ecosystems, appropriate research should be carried out for each of them to assess all types of anthropogenic impact factors and the state of the ecosystem.

Recreational services for the population are one of the most important socio-economic activities of modern society. The result in the field of recreation is expressed in improving the population’s health, reducing morbidity, and increasing both the time of active human life and its duration. Only proper rest allows one to ensure intensive work, successfully adapt to stressful conditions, and contribute to overall progress in production and the economy as a whole. Kazakhstan pays serious attention to this sector. Despite the difficulties of the transition period following the republic’s independence, a trend is gradually emerging towards an increase in the number of sanatoriums, rest homes, tourist centers, children's camps, and other health and treatment institutions, expanding their capacity, improving the quality of service, and developing infrastructure. The potential for further development of the recreational and tourism sector in Kazakhstan is quite significant, especially in relation to water bodies.

Spring floods represent one of the major natural hazards in snowmelt-dominated river basins of Central Asia. The Nura River basin in Central Kazakhstan is particularly vulnerable because of pronounced interannual runoff variability, limited reservoir regulation capacity, and the hydraulic connection between the Nura and Ishim river systems. This study aimed to provide an integrated basin-scale assessment of spring flood hazards and to identify key hydraulic constraints relevant to flood-risk management. The assessment was based on long-term hydrological observations covering periods of up to approximately 90 years. Extreme spring flood discharges and runoff volumes were estimated using the Kritsky–Menkel frequency-analysis method based on a three-parameter gamma distribution. The analysis was supplemented by assessment of reservoir storage capacities, floodplain topography, channel conveyance, and the Nura–Ishim bifurcation zone using cartographic, digital elevation, and engineering data. The adopted probability distribution was additionally evaluated against alternative flood-frequency models using goodness-of-fit and information criteria. For a 1% exceedance probability, the estimated maximum spring discharges were 752 m ³ /s at Sheshenkara, 1220 m ³ /s at Sergiopolskoye, and 2360 m ³ /s at Romanovskoye. The corresponding 1% spring flood volumes reacheNura River and the distributary system of the Nura–Ishim interfluve may begin at approximately 800 m ³ /s, with an estimated plausible range of 750–850 m ³ /s. The interfluve can store approximately 400 million m ³ of floodwater, whereas extreme inflow may reach about 350 million m ³ per day, compared with a downstream Ishimestimated plausible range of 750–850 m ³ /s. The interfluve can store approximately 400 million m ³ of floodwater, whereas extreme inflow may reach about 350 million m ³ per day, compared with a downstream Ishim conveyance capacity of approximately 100–150 million m ³ per day. The results demonstrate that extreme spring flood volumes cannot be managed effectively by reservoir regulation alone and that the Nura–Ishim interfluve plays a critical role in floodwater redistribution. Comparison with Austrian flood-risk management practice supports a transition from localized protection toward integrated basin-scale management combining structural measures, controlled retention areas, and spatial planning. The proposed measures include earth embankments with controlled overflow sections, riprap bank protection, and mobile water-filled barriers. auseuse the analysis combines pre- and post-regulation hydrological records and does not include formal non-stationary frequency analysis or detailed two-dimensional hydraulic modeling, the estimates should be interpreted as basin-scale planning values rather than precise local inundation predictions. The findings provide a quantitative basis for strategic flood-risk management and infrastructure resilience in snowmelt-dominated river systems of Central Asia.

Цель этого исследования в том, чтобы оценить естественные пастбищные районы для животноводства в высокогорных районах Восточной Турции с использованием методов дистанционного зондирования (ДЗ) и приложений геоинформационных систем (ГИС). Сделан вывод о том, что естественные пастбища составляют 2/3 всей исследуемой территории Карсской области. Однако, с точки зрения плотности растительного покрова, это составляет только 1/3 всей площади. Другими словами, только 181 275,7 га из 638 393,5 га лугопастбищных угодий находятся в лучшем состоянии для выпаса скота. В заключении были составлены цифровые карты лугопастбищных угодий с высоким разрешением.