Objective: The study aims to analyze the role of soil microbiomes in sustainable food production, highlighting their influence on soil fertility, plant resistance to environmental stresses, and reducing dependence on chemical inputs. Theoretical Framework: The research is based on studies on soil microbial diversity and its relationship with agricultural productivity, highlighting concepts of biological nitrogen fixation, biotechnology, and microorganism-plant interaction for optimizing agricultural systems. Method: This is a bibliographic review based on the analysis of scientific articles, dissertations, and theses published between 2018 and 2024, extracted from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and SciELO. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered to select relevant studies on the topic. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that the use of biofertilizers, crop rotation, and the application of beneficial microorganisms contribute to improving agricultural productivity and sustainability. However, challenges such as regulating bioinputs and adapting microbiological techniques to soil and climate conditions still need to be overcome. Research Implications: Exploring soil microbiomes has the potential to transform agricultural practices, promoting greater efficiency in nutrient absorption and crop resilience in the face of climate change. Originality/Value: The study contributes to the literature by bringing together recent scientific advances on soil microbiomes, highlighting their application in sustainable agriculture and pointing out challenges and opportunities for the adoption of these strategies.

Physical activity is recognized as a modulator of the intestinal microbial metabolism in humans and may also influence the microbiota of horses subjected to physical conditioning. While the physiological benefits of submaximal training are well-documented, its effects on the intestinal microbiota of horses that are fed a forage-only diet remain insufficiently understood. This study evaluated the fecal microbial composition of pasture-kept horses at three timepoints: before training (Submax), after seven weeks of exercise (Week7), and after 30 days of recovery (Trev30). Compositional analysis of the microbiota was explored by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. A stable forage-only diet, confirmed by bromatological analysis, indicates the observed microbial shifts were primarily exercise-induced. Significant temporal dynamics in beta diversity (p = 0.001) indicated a marked shift in microbial community structure after training (Week7), with a subsequent partial restoration after recovery (Trev30). No significant changes in alpha diversity were detected (p > 0.05). A transient increase in the phylum Proteobacteria at Week7, which decreased by Trev30, suggested microbial adaptation to exercise-induced metabolic demands. LEfSe analysis identified the genera Rummeliibacillus (trained) and Hungateiclostridiaceae (controls) as discriminant between groups. Fecal pH showed a slight reduction after seven weeks, without statistical differences, and returned to equilibrium values in Trev30. Submaximal training induced a reversible modulation of the equine gut microbiota, demonstrating its adaptive capacity while maintaining overall ecological stability.