Отбор молекулярных маркеров для генетической паспортизации Triticum aestivum

For sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrid breeding, we evaluated 54 paternal lines crossed with three cytoplasmic male-sterile testers. The 162 hybrids were grown for two years at one location and analysed with a plot-level mixed model that separates genotype × year terms. Baker’s ratio was 0.958 for oil content, 0.951 for 1000-seed weight and 0.933 for plant height, and the heritability of the hybrid mean 0.90 and 0.91 for the first two. Without the two confectionery lines, Baker’s ratio for these traits remained 0.877 and 0.907 and heritability 0.72 and 0.83. Paternal general combining ability (GCA) for oil content, 1000-seed weight, plant height and flowering time agreed between the two seasons (concordance 0.71–0.85). For seed yield, additive control was not established (Baker’s ratio 0.440, 95% interval 0.00–0.82); plot error was 3.6 times the genetic variance and paternal GCA was weakly repeatable (r = 0.24). VK101A raised oil content, VK934A 1000-seed weight and plant height, and VA761A lowered plant height. A composite index identified LI18, LI41, LI6, LI53 and LI19 as candidate donors. Paternal lines can be selected on GCA for these three traits; seed yield and the ranking of donors that depends on this yield require testing in more environments.

The Ddw1 dwarfing gene is pivotal for reducing plant height and improving lodging resistance in triticale, but its pleiotropic effects on yield components and heading date pose significant challenges for breeders. This study identifies the Growth-Regulating Factor 9-6A (GRF9-6A) gene that compensates for these drawbacks. Field trials across locations (Moscow, Krasnodar) and years (2018, 2019) confirmed the effect of Ddw1, reducing plant height by 26.1–30.1 cm (31.8–32.5%) and thousand-kernel weight (TKW) by 6.0–6.3 g (11.8–15.7%) while increasing the harvest index by up to 4.8 percentage points in three out of four environments, with its effect nullified under the heat stress of Krasnodar 2019. In a Ddw1 background, the GRF9-6Ab allele distinguished by a 12 bp deletion in its promoter compensated for yield losses by increasing grain weight per main spike by up to 0.34 g (19.2%) via boosts in grain number per spike (up to 11.6%) and TKW (up to 11.5%). This combination also elevated the harvest index by up to 4.0 pp and, critically, provided a key agronomic advantage by accelerating heading by 6.3–6.5 days (10.0–10.2%), thereby mitigating the Ddw1-associated developmental delay. Our results demonstrate that pyramiding Ddw1 with the GRF9-6Ab allele the development of semi-dwarf, high-yielding, and early-maturing triticale cultivars for food and forage. This breeding strategy, facilitated by a newly developed diagnostic marker for GRF9-6Ab, is particularly advantageous for cultivation in environments similar to the Central Non-Chernozem region.

Developing soy cultivars for northern long-day regions requires understanding how alleles of protein accumulation genes function in non-optimal environments like Western Siberia, where their effects may diverge from those established in other regions. We hypothesized that allelic variation in the genes GmSWEET39, Glyma.03G219900, Glyma.14G119000, Glyma.17G074400, and POWR1 would have measurable and predictable effects on seed composition and plant architecture in soybean, even under the stressful long-day conditions of Western Siberia (Omsk Oblast). Over a three-year period (2021–2023), a diverse collection of 58 soybean accessions was phenotyped for yield-related traits and genotyped using established KASP and PCR markers and a novel KASP marker for GmSWEET39. Our results demonstrate that the GmSWEET39 CC+ allele is significantly associated with an increase in seed protein content by up to 1.9 pp, a decrease in seed oil content up to 1.4 pp, and a reduction in plant height by up to 20%, while the Glyma.17G074400 SNP(T) allele was associated with an increase in oil content up to 1.4 pp. Strong negative correlations were found between protein content and plant height, whereas plant height was positively correlated with flowering time. Broad-sense heritability was high (H² > 0.82) for all traits except fiber content. The genotypic structure of the collection revealed a predominance of oil-favoring alleles, with rare protein-enhancing alleles identified in accessions from Sweden, Poland, China, and Japan. These accessions have been proposed as valuable donors for breeding. This study validates the utility of marker-assisted selection for the development of high-protein and high-oil soybean varieties tailored to the challenging photoperiod and climatic conditions of northern regions.

To choose paternal lines for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids, we evaluated 54 paternal lines crossed with three cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) testers. The 162 hybrids were grown for two years and analysed with a plot-level mixed model that separates genotype × year terms. Baker’s ratio was 0.958 for oil content, 0.951 for 1000-seed weight and 0.933 for plant height, and the broad-sense heritability of the hybrid mean was 0.90 and 0.91 for the first two. Without the two confectionery lines, Baker’s ratio for oil content and 1000-seed weight remained 0.877 and 0.907 and heritability 0.72 and 0.83. Paternal general combining ability (GCA) for both traits was repeatable between years (r = 0.75 and 0.85). For seed yield, additive control was not established (Baker’s ratio 0.440, 95% interval 0.00–0.82): plot error exceeded the genetic variance 3.6-fold, and paternal GCA was weakly repeatable between years (r = 0.24). VK101A raised oil content, VK934A 1000-seed weight and plant height, and VA761A lowered plant height. A composite index identified LI18, LI41, LI6, LI53 and LI19 as candidate donors. Paternal lines can be selected on GCA for oil content, 1000-seed weight and plant height; seed yield requires testing in more environments.

The rice gene QT12, which encodes the β subunit of the Sec61 translocon complex, has previously been shown to negatively regulate grain thermotolerance, suggesting that variation in related cereal genes may contribute to heat responses. We characterized the natural sequence diversity of three QT12 homeologs located on homoeologous group 3 chromosomes in bread wheat using publicly available whole-genome assemblies and Oxford Nanopore amplicon sequencing. TaQT12-A1 and TaQT12-D1 were highly conserved in their transcribed regions, whereas TaQT12-B1 was represented by two strongly differentiated haplotype groups, Hap1 and Hap2, distinguished by 108 sequence variants across the gene and its 7-kb flanking regions. The protein-coding sequence of TaQT12-B1 was conserved between the two haplotype groups, while most differences occurred in non-coding and flanking regions. A KASP marker was developed to distinguish the two groups and used to genotype 200 winter wheat accessions, of which six carried Hap2. Comparisons of grain-related traits over 2018–2020 revealed differences between haplotypes, but none remained significant after false discovery rate correction. Seasonal temperature records provided environmental context but did not support a clear haplotype-specific heat-response pattern. These results identify TaQT12-B1 as a candidate locus with substantial non-coding sequence variation and provide a molecular marker for further functional investigation of its haplotypes.