Polypragmazie v souvislosti s l??ivy znamen? p?edepisov?n?, vyd?v?n? nebo u??v?n? v?ce l??iv sou?asn?. Spr?vn? charakterizov?n? preskripce ?i u??v?n? l??iva konkr?tn?m pacientem umo??uje volbu vhodn? zm?ny. C?lem racion?ln? farmakoterapie je m... Polypragmazie v souvislosti s l??ivy znamen? p?edepisov?n?, vyd?v?n? nebo u??v?n? v?ce l??iv sou?asn?. Spr?vn? charakterizov?n? preskripce ?i u??v?n? l??iva konkr?tn?m pacientem umo??uje volbu vhodn? zm?ny. C?lem racion?ln? farmakoterapie je m...

In this study, a terminological and grammatical survey of essential and fatty oils of plant origin was performed in the selected Austrian, Hungarian, Spanish, and Belgian pharmacopoeias from the 18th to 19th centuries. The Latin-language prescriptions were analysed for their content, sections, and indications, and then translated from Latin into English, and supplemented with the source plants. Oil types were categorised based on their preparation and origin. Most oils belong to essential oils in Ph. Austriaca I–IV, Ph. Belgica, and Ph. Hungarica I (20 in each). Cooked oils are described as having the highest number in Ph. Hispanica (21), while pressed oils are also included in a high ratio in Ph. Hisp. (18) and Ph. Austriaca V (15). At the same time, those from minerals are described only in Ph. Belg. (2) and Ph. Hisp. (5). Latin terms are used in preparation methods, including the most concise descriptions in Ph. Austriaca V and Ph. Hg. I. This comprehensive study provides new linguistic data on the oils of herbs in the selected pharmacopoeias. Studies of essential oils have recently been progressing, and this analysis might help in understanding information from old pharmacopoeias.

Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) pose significant risks to older adults. This study analysed trends in PIM prescribing among Slovak older adults before the COVID-19 pandemic. A retrospective population-based study was conducted using data from the National Health Information Centre database from 2015–2018. All outpatients aged ≥65 years receiving ≥1 prescribed medication per year were included. PIMs were identified using the European list of potentially inappropriate medications (EU(7)-PIM list). Consumption was evaluated based on the number of prescribed medicine packages and defined daily doses (DDD/1000 inhabitants/day). Descriptive statistics included frequencies, percentages, and means (±SD). Temporal trends were analysed using linear regression and chi-square tests. The study population increased from 725,730 treated patients in 2015 to 794,104 in 2018, representing 92.6% to 90.8% of the total population aged ≥65 years. A total of 7,923,497 PIM packages were dispensed during the study period. The proportion of PIMs among total medications increased from 19.1% to 20.4%. The top 10 PIMs accounted for 61.6% of all inappropriate medications, with pantoprazole (14.8%), alprazolam (11.7%), moxonidine (6.0%) being the most frequent. Significant temporal trends included increases in apixaban (+123.3%, p=0.003), rivaroxaban (+92.4%, p=0.029), and zolpidem (+42.0%, p=0.008), while verapamil (-23.1%, p=0.001) and diclofenac (-15.0%, p<0.001) decreased. The prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescribing among older adults in Slovakia is substantial. These pre-pandemic data provide essential information for evaluating the impact of COVID-19 on geriatric prescribing practices. The findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to optimise medication use, particularly focusing on proton pump inhibitors, benzodiazepines, and cardiovascular medications.