The problem of purifying domestic and hospital wastewater from pharmaceutical compounds is becoming more and more urgent every year, because of the continuous accumulation of chemical pollutants in the environment and the limited availability of freshwater resources. Clay adsorbents have been repeatedly proposed as adsorbents for treatment purposes, but natural clays are hydrophilic and can be inefficient for catching hydrophobic pharmaceuticals. In this paper, a comparison of adsorption properties of pristine montmorillonite (MMT) and montmorillonite modified with stearyl trimethyl ammonium (hydrophobic MMT-STA) towards carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and paracetamol pharmaceuticals was performed. The efficiency of adsorption was investigated under varying solution pH, temperature, contact time, initial concentration of pharmaceuticals, and adsorbate/adsorbent mass ratio. MMT-STA was better than pristine MMT at removing all the pharmaceuticals studied. The adsorption capacity of hydrophobic montmorillonite to pharmaceuticals decreased in the following order: carbamazepine (97%) > ibuprofen (95%) > paracetamol (63–67%). Adsorption isotherms were best described by Freundlich model. Within the pharmaceutical concentration range of 10–50 µg/mL, the most optimal mass ratio of adsorbates to adsorbents was 1:300, pH 6, and a temperature of 25 °C. Thus, MMT-STA could be used as an efficient adsorbent for deconta×ating water of carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and paracetamol.

The work introduces the supramolecular assembly of triblock copolymers, namely (PEO)₁₃(PPO)₃₀(PEO)₁₃ (L64), (PPO)₁₄(PEO)₂₄(PPO)₁₄ (17R4), (PPO)₈(PEO)₂₂(PPO)₈ (10R5) and (PEO)₂₁(PPO)₆₇(PEO)₂₁ (P123) with novel cluster complexes [K(diglyme)(CH₃CN)]₂[Mo₆I₁₄] (1) and [K₂(diglyme)(CH₃CN)₅][Mo₆I₁₄] (2) as a route to increase their water solubility. Dynamic light scattering and photophysical measurements reveal the decisive influence of the arrangement of PEO and PPO blocks and of their length on both colloidal and photophysical properties of these solutions. ES-MS data reveal [Mo₆I₁₄]²⁻ clusters as the predominant form in aqueous solutions of L64 and P123. The steady state and time resolved luminescence data indicate concentration dependent sensitizing of the Mo-centered luminescence through the energy transfer from difloxacin to [Mo₆I₁₄]²⁻ mediated by the ion-pairing. The impact of both arrangement and length of PEO and PPO blocks in the luminescent response of [Mo₆I₁₄]²⁻ to difloxacin is discussed. The aqueous solutions of L64 at pH 4 provide the optimal conditions for the sensing of difloxacin through the cluster luminescence.