The thymus is the organ responsible for T cell development and the formation of the adaptive immunity function. Its multicellular environment consists mainly of the different stromal cells and maturing T lymphocytes. Thymus-specific progenitors of epithelial, mesenchymal, and lymphoid cells with stem cell properties represent only minor populations. The thymic stromal structure predominantly determines the function of the thymus. The stromal components, mostly epithelial and mesenchymal cells, form this specialized area. They support the consistent developmental program of functionally distinct conventional T cell subpopulations. These include the MHC restricted single positive CD4⁺CD8^-and CD4^-CD8⁺cells, regulatory T lymphocytes (Foxp3⁺), innate natural killer T cells (iNKT), and γδT cells. Several physiological causes comprising stress and aging and medical treatments such as thymectomy and chemo/radiotherapy can harm the thymus function. The present review summarizes our knowledge of the development and function of the thymus with a focus on thymic epithelial cells as well as other stromal components and the signaling and transcriptional pathways underlying the thymic cell interaction. These critical thymus components are significant for T cell differentiation and restoring the thymic function after damage to reach the therapeutic benefits.

The review analyzes mechanisms and concomitant factors in developing IgE-associated allergic diseases provoked by food allergens and discusses clinical symptoms and current approaches for the treatment of food allergies. The expediency of using enterosorbents in complex therapy of food allergies and skin and respiratory manifestations associated with gastroenterological disorders is substantiated. The review summarizes the experience of using enterosorbents in post-Soviet countries to detoxify the human body. In this regard, special attention is paid to the enterosorbent White Coal (Carbowhite) based on silicon dioxide produced by the Ukrainian company OmniFarma.

Inflammatory and erosive lesions of the gastrointestinal mucosa encompass many conditions presenting significant challenges to public health worldwide. Amidst the quest for effective treatments, the attention of researchers has turned towards the potential therapeutic impact of bioactive nutrients, notably vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) and vitamin U (S-methylmethionine). This review delves into the current understanding of the impact of these vitamins on the gastrointestinal system, analyzing their mechanisms of action and giving clinical evidence of the effectiveness of the combined application of these vitamins in the management of erosive gastrointestinal diseases.

Editorial: Thymus function and aging: A focus on thymic epithelial cells

Breast cancer remains the most prevalent malignancy worldwide and a major cause of cancer-related mortality, representing a heterogeneous and therapeutical