Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a rare disease with worldwide impact. It is also known as von Recklinghausen disease and is an autosomal dominant condition caused by mutations of the NF1 gene, which is located at chromosome 17q11.2. NF1 is believed to be completely penetrant, but substantial variability in the expression of features occurs. Diagnosis of NF1 is based on established clinical criteria. The presentation of many of the clinical features is age-dependent. The average life expectancy of patients with NF1 is probably reduced by 10–15 years, and malignancy is the most common cause of death and there is no treatment found yet for NF1. The prevalence of clinically diagnosed NF1 ranges from 1/2,000 to 1/5,000 in most population-based studies. A wide variety of NF1 mutations has been found in patients with NF1, but no frequently recurring mutation has been identified. Most studies have not found an obvious relation between particular NF1 mutations and the resulting clinical manifestations. The variability of the NF1 phenotype, even in individuals with the same NF1 gene mutation, suggests that other factors are involved in determining the clinical manifestations, but the nature of these factors has not yet been determined.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), brain–derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and enuresis are interconnected in several ways, primarily through their potential links to neurodevelopmental factors and brain function. ADHD is considered a neurobehavioral and neuropsychiatric condition characterized by numerous comorbidities, and it represents one of the most frequently encountered neuropsychiatric disorders in clinical practice. Enuresis constitutes a subgroup of intermittent incontinence occurring during sleep that can be further subdivided into monosymptomatic (MNE) and non-monosymptomatic enuresis (NMNE). BDNF plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment, including neuronal growth, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. This narrative review synthesized available literature identified through a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, and Scopus databases (January 2000–December 2025). However, the evidence base is heterogeneous, and findings regarding BDNF in ADHD are inconsistent. Studies examining BDNF in enuresis often involve urinary BDNF, which reflects local bladder production rather than central BDNF activity. Further research is needed to clarify the specific roles of BDNF in the development and manifestation of these conditions and to fully elucidate the complex relationship between BDNF, ADHD, and enuresis.