This is a retrospective, multicenter study of consecutive patients with nAMD scheduled for a visit and/or a treatment with an intravitreal injection (IVI) during the 3 months before lockdown in the Ophthalmology Departments of six centers of Europe.The study was conducted on 546 patients, of which 55.13% were females, almost 100% of the patients were White/Caucasian race, and 71.53% of the patients presented a type 1 macular neovascularization (NVM). A total of 62.82% of patients (343 patients) that were on scheduled clinic visits and/or intravitreal injection treatment during the 3 months before the quarantine did not attend either to visit or for treatment during the lockdown. The mean number of injections during the lockdown was significantly reduced. This was followed by a significant reduction in the mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) between the 3 months before the lockdown (mean BCVA of 60.68 ± 19.77 letters) and 6 months after lockdown (mean BCVA of 56.98 ± 22.59 letters). Patients with better BCVA before the lockdown and the ones showing neovascular activity were more likely to attend their scheduled visits and/or IVI treatments. The COVID-19 pandemic and the lockdown have led to a decrease in the number of IVI treatments in patients with nAMD, evidencing a significant vision loss at 6 months.

To investigate the incidence, contributing factors, management, and long-term outcomes of endophthalmitis following intravitreal injections performed in our clinic. This retrospective study included all patients who received intravitreal bevacizumab, aflibercept, ranibizumab, or dexamethasone injections between 2019 and 2024 at four retina clinics of Ankara Bilkent City Hospital. Demographic characteristics of the patients, visual acuity, intravitreal injection etiology, comorbidities, and treatments applied were recorded. Patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis after intravitreal injections (IVI) were categorized as Group 1, while those who did not receive prophylaxis were classified as Group 2. A total of 4171 patients and 21,339 intravitreal injections were evaluated. Of the participants, 47.2% were female and 52.8% were male, with a mean age of 66.3 ± 10.3 years (range: 40–98). Group 1 included 13,121 injections (61%), while Group 2 had 8,218 injections (39%). Endophthalmitis was observed in 13 patients (3.0 per 1000 patients—8.1 per 10,000 injections). Patients who developed endophthalmitis had an average of 6.1 ± 4.1 prior injections (range: 2–16), and the mean time to presentation after the last injection was 7.6 ± 3.4 days (range: 2–14). Endophthalmitis cases were distributed as 7 in Group 1 (5.3 per 10,000) and 6 in Group 2 (4.4 per 10,000). The endophthalmitis rate in Group 1 was not statistically significantly different from Group 2 (p > 0.05). All patients received vitreous taps and intravitreal vancomycin-ceftazidime injections at initial presentation. Eleven patients (85%) underwent a pars plana vitrectomy within 24 h. The mean follow-up period was 32 ± 20 months, and any case did not require evisceration surgery. Early surgical intervention in cases of endophthalmitis is the most critical approach for preserving the eye and achieving visual rehabilitation. Notably, endophthalmitis was more common in people who got intravitreal bevacizumab or dexamethasone injections, and antibiotic prophylaxis did not appear to reduce the risk of its occurrence.

X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS) is a disease considered characteristic for males. In this study we report a consanguineous family in which 3 daughters were diagnosed with XLRS. Typical signs of XLRS were detected in 2 girls, aged 4 and 15. Fundoscopic examination of the father and the oldest daughter (age 17) revealed bilateral atrophic macula and retinal thinning. Although rare and considered characteristic for males, XLRS can be seen in females in Middle-East countries that have a high rate of consanguineous marriage. It can be overlooked by ophthalmologists and these patients may be misdiagnosed.

To report the results of Endpoint Management (EpM) with PASCAL laser in the treatment of chronic central serous retinopathy (CSR). A 577 nm yellow laser was applied using PASCAL with EpM to 11 eyes on 11 patients who were followed for CSR for at least 12 months in this prospective study. The laser spot size was set to 200 μm, the pulse duration was 15 msec, and the spot spacing was set to 0.25 diameter. In cases where recurrence was present or subretinal fluid did not disappear, the laser was applied again three months after the last laser treatment. Detailed anterior segment and fundus examination, intraocular pressure measurement, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed. Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) was performed at the time of diagnosis and at the end of the 6th month. The treatment was applied once for four patients (38.3%), two times for five patients (45.4%), three times for one patient (9.1%), and five times for one patient (9.1%) to achieve these results. The average pre-laser central macular thickness (CMT) value was 343.3 ± 50.2 μm, and post-treatment, the CMT value decreased to 233.1 ± 20.3 μm ( p = 0.008). According to baseline examinations, the patients’ mean pre-treatment BCVA (logMAR) value was 0.46 ± 0.18, which improved to 0.34 ± 0.31 with treatment ( p = 0.012). Five patients (45.4%) had retinal pigment epithelial changes, and no other patients had complications. PASCAL with EpM using a 577 nm yellow laser is an effective and reliable treatment for patients with chronic CSR. The frequency of retinal pigment epithelial change was higher than in other studies in the literature in our study.

Background and Objectives: Circadian fluctuations in blood pressure, particularly the non-dipping pattern characterized by the absence of a nocturnal decline, are associated with an increased risk of microvascular complications. The retina, as a highly sensitive microvascular tissue, offers a valuable window into systemic hemodynamic alterations. However, the literature lacks detailed structural analyses that evaluate all retinal regions by segmenting nighttime into specific time intervals. Notably, the early morning period (04:00–08:00), during which stress hormones such as cortisol and catecholamines rise physiologically, leads to increased blood pressure that may significantly affect retinal microcirculation. This prospective study aims to assess retinal microvascular structures in dipper and non-dipper individuals using structural optical coherence tomography and to investigate their relationship with blood pressure parameters by dividing nighttime into distinct time segments. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 participants were classified as dipper (n = 26) or non-dipper (n = 34) based on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring results. Structural optical coherence tomography was used to evaluate superficial and deep capillary plexus densities in the foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal regions, along with the area and perimeter of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and flow density (FD). Blood pressure values, including systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, and pulse pressure, were recorded during two nighttime intervals (00:00–04:00 and 04:00–08:00), and correlations with retinal parameters were analyzed. Results: No significant differences were observed in retinal microvascular parameters between the dipper and non-dipper groups. Deep capillary densities, particularly in the parafoveal and perifoveal regions, showed significant positive correlations with serum total protein, albumin, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels. Furthermore, systolic and mean arterial pressures measured during the 04:00–08:00 interval demonstrated significant positive correlations with deep retinal vascular densities. The FAZ perimeter was negatively correlated with pulse pressure variability, while FD showed a negative correlation with mean arterial pressure variability. Conclusions: This prospective study is among the first to investigate the effects of circadian blood pressure patterns on retinal microvascular structures by segmenting nighttime into specific intervals and employing comprehensive structural optical coherence tomography across the entire retina. The findings suggest that retinal microvascular structure may be associated with fluctuations in blood pressure. Analyses of blood pressure measurements between 04:00 and 08:00 may offer supplementary insights into the evaluation of retinal microvascular structure.

The purpose of this study is to compare the ganglion cell layer changes following temporal inverted internal limiting membrane flap (i-ILMF) surgery for idiopathic macular hole (IMH). This retrospective study included 50 eyes that underwent vitrectomy with a 2.5-disc-diameter temporal inverted internal limiting membrane flap (i-ILMF) technique. Demographic, functional, and anatomical data were collected before and after the surgery. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings such as ganglion cell layer -inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) thickness and hole related parameters/indexes were compared in the preoperative period and 6th month after surgery. The average age of the patients was 68.8 ± 10.31 years, and the average duration of visual loss was 10.95 ± 6.54 months. The average GCL-IPL thickness increased significantly from 57.98 ± 21.43 μm to 68.74 ± 13.62 μm at 6 months after surgery (p < 0.001). The nasal GCL-IPL thickness was significantly increased from 56.94 ± 24.18 μm to 73.10 ± 15.39 μm after 6 months after surgery (p < 0.001). The temporal i-ILMF technique not only leads to high anatomical success and visual improvement but also results in a significant increase in GCL-IPL thickness postoperatively, suggesting a unique structural response to this method.