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Water discharged from active, abandoned and/or reclaimed coal mine sites with relatively higher acidity continues to be a global concern due to variable impacts on the quality of surface water and groundwater. Treatment of such acid mine drainage (AMD) is often complex, costly, and challenging. Towards this end, this review provides an overview of the formation and effects of AMD, reviews prediction and treatment methods, identifies critical research gaps, and explores the associated challenges and opportunities AMD poses for environmental scientists and researchers. Acid drainage occurs through oxidation of sulfide minerals such as pyrite. The main sources of AMD include runoff and seepage from mine rock dumps, open pit mines, stockpiles, tailings, construction rocks, and rock cuts. While different active and passive treatment systems are available to treat AMD, prevention techniques and integrated management approaches could better identify possible risks, abate treatment costs, and reduce eco-hydrological hazards. Also, the coal mining sector could benefit from remote and ground sensing techniques, including the use of unmanned aerial vehicles and hyperspectral imaging for hydrogeochemical investigations. Effective treatment of acid drainage from mine areas reduces material damage, allows resource reuse and recovery, and enables successful post-mine land use. Environmental scientists must, however, design and implement a proper framework to address AMD in a timely manner. While mining and treatment plans may vary with land-use history, climate, topography, hydrogeology, available technology, and socio-political outlooks, environmental scientists, regulatory agencies, and mining companies must make it a priority to form multidisciplinary partnerships, advocate for effective enforcement of discharge standards, encourage performance bonding, and formulate remediation plans.
Bharat Sharma Acharya; Gehendra Kharel. Acid mine drainage from coal mining in the United States – An overview. Journal of Hydrology 2020, 588, 125061 .
AMA StyleBharat Sharma Acharya, Gehendra Kharel. Acid mine drainage from coal mining in the United States – An overview. Journal of Hydrology. 2020; 588 ():125061.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharat Sharma Acharya; Gehendra Kharel. 2020. "Acid mine drainage from coal mining in the United States – An overview." Journal of Hydrology 588, no. : 125061.
Many land-grant institutions with agriculture and natural resource programs in the United States offer online courses to meet student demand. The goal of this study was to understand how major educational stakeholders, including instructors and students, perceive the benefits and limitations of online teaching and learning in agriculture and natural resource sciences. This study utilized a mixed mode data collection method, which involved informal meetings as well as online survey administration. The data were analyzed through strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT)-Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP) framework. The study results offer novel perspectives on the perceived utility and challenges of several attributes of online learning including work-home balance, lack of social interactions, virtual classroom opportunities for working professionals, and academic integrity and cyber scam issues among others. Our findings may be beneficial to academic administrators, instructors, and institutions in identifying opportunities, challenges, and adopting programmatic strategies to improve effectiveness of online learning.
Omkar Joshi; Binod Chapagain; Gehendra Kharel; Neelam C. Poudyal; Bryan D. Murray; Sayeed R. Mehmood. Benefits and challenges of online instruction in agriculture and natural resource education. Interactive Learning Environments 2020, 1 -12.
AMA StyleOmkar Joshi, Binod Chapagain, Gehendra Kharel, Neelam C. Poudyal, Bryan D. Murray, Sayeed R. Mehmood. Benefits and challenges of online instruction in agriculture and natural resource education. Interactive Learning Environments. 2020; ():1-12.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmkar Joshi; Binod Chapagain; Gehendra Kharel; Neelam C. Poudyal; Bryan D. Murray; Sayeed R. Mehmood. 2020. "Benefits and challenges of online instruction in agriculture and natural resource education." Interactive Learning Environments , no. : 1-12.
The meteorological droughts in the climate transition zone of the Great Plains of the USA are projected to intensify, potentially leading to major shifts in water provisioning services in rangelands. To understand how meteorological drought interacts with vegetation to regulate runoff response, we collected precipitation, root zone soil moisture, and runoff data from experimental grassland and juniper (Juniperus virginiana L., redcedar) woodland watersheds for five years encompassing a drought year to pluvial year cycle. We contrasted the frequency distribution of precipitation intensities and applied wavelet analysis to reveal the coherence between precipitation and root zone soil moisture patterns. Compared with grassland, the root zone soil moisture in woodland had a narrower range, with the peak frequency skewed to a lower soil moisture content. The conversion of herbaceous vegetation to evergreen juniper woodland results in a delayed response of runoff to precipitation due to reduced antecedent soil moisture. The reduction of streamflow from the woodland watershed was greater in the normal and pluvial years than in the drought year. Thus, conversion from grassland to evergreen woody vegetation prolongs the impact of meteorological drought on soil moisture and streamflow. Restoring prairie that is heavily encroached by woody species may serve as an adaptive measure to mitigate the climate change impact on water resources and other ecosystem services provided by rangeland.
Yonghong Hao; Qi Liu; Chongwei Li; Gehendra Kharel; Lixing An; Elaine Stebler; Yu Zhong; Chris B. Zou. Interactive Effect of Meteorological Drought and Vegetation Types on Root Zone Soil Moisture and Runoff in Rangeland Watersheds. Water 2019, 11, 2357 .
AMA StyleYonghong Hao, Qi Liu, Chongwei Li, Gehendra Kharel, Lixing An, Elaine Stebler, Yu Zhong, Chris B. Zou. Interactive Effect of Meteorological Drought and Vegetation Types on Root Zone Soil Moisture and Runoff in Rangeland Watersheds. Water. 2019; 11 (11):2357.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYonghong Hao; Qi Liu; Chongwei Li; Gehendra Kharel; Lixing An; Elaine Stebler; Yu Zhong; Chris B. Zou. 2019. "Interactive Effect of Meteorological Drought and Vegetation Types on Root Zone Soil Moisture and Runoff in Rangeland Watersheds." Water 11, no. 11: 2357.
The Cross-Timbers region of the United States, situated in the southern Great Plains along the western edge of the eastern deciduous forest, was historically Quercus-dominated open forest interspersed with tallgrass prairie and shrubs communities. The historical structure of the Cross- Timbers forests in this region has been altered, mainly due to fire exclusion, such that the current structure is closed-canopy and includes a midstory of fire-intolerant species. This change has reduced many of the important ecosystem services provided. This paper synthesizes existing literature on the Cross-Timbers with the aim of summarizing the current state of Cross-Timbers management related to sustaining ecosystem services and identifying potential research topics and directions needed. Specifically, we consider the ecological, management, and socio-economic issues. In addition, we theorize how the adoption of active forest management will affect ecosystem services and structure of the Cross-Timbers forests.
Omkar Joshi; Rodney E. Will; Chris B. Zou; Gehendra Kharel. Sustaining Cross-Timbers Forest Resources: Current Knowledge and Future Research Needs. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4703 .
AMA StyleOmkar Joshi, Rodney E. Will, Chris B. Zou, Gehendra Kharel. Sustaining Cross-Timbers Forest Resources: Current Knowledge and Future Research Needs. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (17):4703.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmkar Joshi; Rodney E. Will; Chris B. Zou; Gehendra Kharel. 2019. "Sustaining Cross-Timbers Forest Resources: Current Knowledge and Future Research Needs." Sustainability 11, no. 17: 4703.
Flood control is one of the most important ecosystem services provided by wetlands. Large-scale loss of wetlands, combined with more intensive precipitation under changing climate, increases flood risks, to which closed watersheds are particularly susceptible. In the Devils Lake (North Dakota, USA) watershed, a prolonged wet condition since early 1990s has caused a nearly 10 m rise in water level, resulting in over $1 billion losses. While studies have shown the changing climate is the major driver of this flooding, it is still unclear how much contribution could be due to the historical conversion of wetlands in the upper basin. We developed a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for the Devils Lake watershed and simulated various scenarios representing present and possible past and future wetland area. We estimated the changes in flood risks under the historical and CMIP-5 future climates with these wetland scenarios. We found that while currently wetland restoration does not significantly change flood risks, under the modified climate it presents a good complementary measure reducing the negative impacts of current flood management strategies.
Sergey Gulbin; Andrei P. Kirilenko; Gehendra Kharel; Xiaodong Zhang. Wetland loss impact on long term flood risks in a closed watershed. Environmental Science & Policy 2019, 94, 112 -122.
AMA StyleSergey Gulbin, Andrei P. Kirilenko, Gehendra Kharel, Xiaodong Zhang. Wetland loss impact on long term flood risks in a closed watershed. Environmental Science & Policy. 2019; 94 ():112-122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergey Gulbin; Andrei P. Kirilenko; Gehendra Kharel; Xiaodong Zhang. 2019. "Wetland loss impact on long term flood risks in a closed watershed." Environmental Science & Policy 94, no. : 112-122.
Climate change impacts on agricultural watersheds are highly variable and uncertain across regions. This study estimated the potential impacts of the projected precipitation and temperature based on the downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP-5) on hydrology and crop yield of a rural watershed in Oklahoma, USA. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was used to model the watershed with 43 sub-basins and 15,217 combinations of land use, land cover, soil, and slope. The model was driven by the observed climate in the watershed and was first calibrated and validated against the monthly observed streamflow. Three statistical matrices, coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE), and percentage bias (PB), were used to gauge the model performance with satisfactory values of R2 = 0.64, NS = 0.61, and PB = +5% in the calibration period, and R2 = 0.79, NSE = 0.62, and PB = −15% in the validation period for streamflow. The model parameterization for the yields of cotton (PB = −4.5%), grain sorghum (PB = −27.3%), and winter wheat (PB = −6.0%) resulted in an acceptable model performance. The CMIP-5 ensemble of three General Circulation Models under three Representative Concentration Pathways for the 2016–2040 period indicated an increase in both precipitation (+1.5%) and temperature (+1.8 °C) in the study area. This changed climate resulted in decreased evapotranspiration (−3.7%), increased water yield (23.9%), decreased wheat yield (−5.2%), decreased grain sorghum yield (−9.9%), and increased cotton yield (+54.2%) compared to the historical climate. The projected increase in water yield might provide opportunities for groundwater recharge and additional water to meet future water demand in the region. The projected decrease in winter wheat yield—the major crop in the state—due to climate change, may require attention for ways to mitigate these effects.
Solmaz Rasoulzadeh Gharibdousti; Gehendra Kharel; Ronald B. Miller; Evan Linde; Art Stoecker. Projected Climate Could Increase Water Yield and Cotton Yield but Decrease Winter Wheat and Sorghum Yield in an Agricultural Watershed in Oklahoma. Water 2019, 11, 105 .
AMA StyleSolmaz Rasoulzadeh Gharibdousti, Gehendra Kharel, Ronald B. Miller, Evan Linde, Art Stoecker. Projected Climate Could Increase Water Yield and Cotton Yield but Decrease Winter Wheat and Sorghum Yield in an Agricultural Watershed in Oklahoma. Water. 2019; 11 (1):105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSolmaz Rasoulzadeh Gharibdousti; Gehendra Kharel; Ronald B. Miller; Evan Linde; Art Stoecker. 2019. "Projected Climate Could Increase Water Yield and Cotton Yield but Decrease Winter Wheat and Sorghum Yield in an Agricultural Watershed in Oklahoma." Water 11, no. 1: 105.
Best management practices (BMPs) are commonly used to control sediment yields. In this study, we modeled the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed located in southwestern Oklahoma, USA using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and evaluated the impacts of agricultural five different BMP scenarios on surface runoff, sediment load, and crop yield. The hydrological model with 43 sub-basins and 15,217 hydrological response units was calibrated (1991 ̶ 2000) and validated (2001 ̶ 2010) against the monthly observations of streamflow, sediment grab samples, and crop-yields. The coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS) and percentage bias (PB) were used to determine model performance with satisfactory values of R2 (0.64) and NS (0.61) in the calibration period and a good model performance (R2 = 0.79; NS = 0.62) in the validation period for streamflow. We found that contouring practice reduced surface runoff by more than 18% in both conservation tillage and no-till practices for all crops. In addition, contour farming with either conservation tillage or no-till practice reduced sediment yield by almost half. Compared to the conservation tillage practice, no-till system decreased sediment yield by 25.3% and 9.0% for cotton and grain sorghum, respectively. Using wheat as cover crop for grain sorghum generated the lowest runoff followed by its rotation with canola and cotton regardless of contouring. Converting all the crops in the watershed into Bermuda grass resulted significant reduction in sediment yield (72.5-96.3%) and surface runoff (6.8-38.5%). The model was capable of providing precise information for stakeholders to prioritize ecologically sound feasible BMPs at fields that are capable of reducing overland soil erosion and sediment delivery to channels while increasing crop yield.
Solmaz Rasoulzadeh Gharibdousti; Gehendra Kharel; Arthur Stoecker. Modeling the impacts of agricultural best management practices on runoff, sediment, and crop yield in an agriculture-pasture intensive watershed. 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleSolmaz Rasoulzadeh Gharibdousti, Gehendra Kharel, Arthur Stoecker. Modeling the impacts of agricultural best management practices on runoff, sediment, and crop yield in an agriculture-pasture intensive watershed. . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSolmaz Rasoulzadeh Gharibdousti; Gehendra Kharel; Arthur Stoecker. 2018. "Modeling the impacts of agricultural best management practices on runoff, sediment, and crop yield in an agriculture-pasture intensive watershed." , no. : 1.
Best management practices (BMPs) are commonly used to control sediment yields. In this study, we modeled the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed located in southwestern Oklahoma, USA using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and evaluated the impacts of agricultural five different BMP scenarios on surface runoff, sediment load, and crop yield. The hydrological model with 43 sub-basins and 15,217 hydrological response units was calibrated (1991 ̶ 2000) and validated (2001 ̶ 2010) against the monthly observations of streamflow, sediment grab samples, and crop-yields. The coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS) and percentage bias (PB) were used to determine model performance with satisfactory values of R2 (0.64) and NS (0.61) in the calibration period and a good model performance (R2 = 0.79; NS = 0.62) in the validation period for streamflow. We found that contouring practice reduced surface runoff by more than 18% in both conservation tillage and no-till practices for all crops. In addition, contour farming with either conservation tillage or no-till practice reduced sediment yield by almost half. Compared to the conservation tillage practice, no-till system decreased sediment yield by 25.3% and 9.0% for cotton and grain sorghum, respectively. Using wheat as cover crop for grain sorghum generated the lowest runoff followed by its rotation with canola and cotton regardless of contouring. Converting all the crops in the watershed into Bermuda grass resulted significant reduction in sediment yield (72.5-96.3%) and surface runoff (6.8-38.5%). The model was capable of providing precise information for stakeholders to prioritize ecologically sound feasible BMPs at fields that are capable of reducing overland soil erosion and sediment delivery to channels while increasing crop yield.
Solmaz Rasoulzadeh Gharibdousti; Gehendra Kharel; Arthur Stoecker. Modeling the impacts of agricultural best management practices on runoff, sediment, and crop yield in an agriculture-pasture intensive watershed. 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleSolmaz Rasoulzadeh Gharibdousti, Gehendra Kharel, Arthur Stoecker. Modeling the impacts of agricultural best management practices on runoff, sediment, and crop yield in an agriculture-pasture intensive watershed. . 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSolmaz Rasoulzadeh Gharibdousti; Gehendra Kharel; Arthur Stoecker. 2018. "Modeling the impacts of agricultural best management practices on runoff, sediment, and crop yield in an agriculture-pasture intensive watershed." , no. : 1.
Woody plant encroachment has profound impacts on the sustainable management of water resources in water-limited ecosystems. However, our understanding of the effects of this global phenomenon on groundwater recharge at local and regional scales is limited. Here, we reviewed studies related to (i) recharge estimation methods; (ii) mechanisms by which woody plants impact groundwater recharge; (iii) impacts of woody plant on recharge across different soil and geology; (iv) hydrological repercussions of woody plant removal; and (v) research gaps and needs for groundwater studies. We identified six different methods: water balance, water table, isotopes, chloride mass balance, electrical geophysical imaging, and modeling were used to study the impact of woody encroachment on groundwater. Woody plant encroachment could alter soil infiltration rates, soil water storage, transpiration, interception, and subsurface pathways to affect groundwater recharge. The impact is highly variable, with the extent and the magnitude varying across the soil, substrate, plant cover, and topographic locations. Our review revealed mixed effects of woody plant removal on groundwater recharge. Studies of litter interception, root water uptake, soil moisture dynamics, and deep percolation along with the progression of woody plant encroachment are still limited, warranting further experimental studies focusing on groundwater recharge. Overall, information about woody plant encroachment impacts on groundwater resources across a range of scales is essential for long-range planning of water resources.
Bharat Sharma Acharya; Gehendra Kharel; Chris B. Zou; Bradford P. Wilcox; Todd Halihan. Woody Plant Encroachment Impacts on Groundwater Recharge: A Review. Water 2018, 10, 1466 .
AMA StyleBharat Sharma Acharya, Gehendra Kharel, Chris B. Zou, Bradford P. Wilcox, Todd Halihan. Woody Plant Encroachment Impacts on Groundwater Recharge: A Review. Water. 2018; 10 (10):1466.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBharat Sharma Acharya; Gehendra Kharel; Chris B. Zou; Bradford P. Wilcox; Todd Halihan. 2018. "Woody Plant Encroachment Impacts on Groundwater Recharge: A Review." Water 10, no. 10: 1466.
The flooding of Devils Lake, North Dakota, is a multi-decade, multi-billion-dollar, and yet unsolved water management issue along the US–Canada border. In this study, we define this situation as a ‘wicked problem’ and suggest a ‘green paradiplomacy’–based framework that fosters multiactor, multiscale collaboration across jurisdictions as a management strategy. We interviewed stakeholders and combined their perceptions with currently employed management strategies to assess the potential for green paradiplomacy to address the Devils Lake problem. This study may encourage further discussion of green paradiplomacy as a strategy to manage other transboundary watershed problems along the US–Canada border and elsewhere.
Gehendra Kharel; Rebecca Romsdahl; Andrei Kirilenko. Managing the wicked problem of Devils Lake flooding along the US–Canada border. International Journal of Water Resources Development 2018, 35, 938 -958.
AMA StyleGehendra Kharel, Rebecca Romsdahl, Andrei Kirilenko. Managing the wicked problem of Devils Lake flooding along the US–Canada border. International Journal of Water Resources Development. 2018; 35 (6):938-958.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGehendra Kharel; Rebecca Romsdahl; Andrei Kirilenko. 2018. "Managing the wicked problem of Devils Lake flooding along the US–Canada border." International Journal of Water Resources Development 35, no. 6: 938-958.
The collaborative approach for sustainable management of watersheds is built on engagement of diverse stakeholders. Climate variability and anthropogenic activities increasingly impose challenges to successful management, as do contrasts in stakeholder perceptions about those processes. To assess differences in perceptions about watershed issues, we conducted a focus group meeting of expert stakeholder groups from research institutions, and state and federal agencies in the management of Cimarron River Watershed, Oklahoma. We employed the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOTs) approach to identify important issues, and the analytic hierarchy process to rank the perceptions of these groups. We found incongruity between these two groups over internal factors (SW) and external factors (OT) risking sustainable watershed management. External threats such as climate change dominated the research group perceptions, whereas internally prevalent weaknesses such as inability to track water use and lack of a common platform to share scientific data, dominated the government group perceptions. Despite these differences, both groups identified the negative aspect (W + T) as dominant over the positive aspect (S + O), which suggests a pessimistic watershed management future, with risks prevailing over the opportunities. We see this particular congruity of these two stakeholders as an opportunity to initiate a collaborative approach to watershed management in Oklahoma. We also note that the most important factor from each group corresponds to a relatively modest importance from the other group, and therefore suggests the possibility of cooperation rather than conflict in management goals should collaborative watershed management become established in the watershed.
Gehendra Kharel; Omkar Joshi; Ron Miller; Chris Zou. Perceptions of Government and Research Expert Groups and Their Implications for Watershed Management in Oklahoma, USA. Environmental Management 2018, 62, 1048 -1059.
AMA StyleGehendra Kharel, Omkar Joshi, Ron Miller, Chris Zou. Perceptions of Government and Research Expert Groups and Their Implications for Watershed Management in Oklahoma, USA. Environmental Management. 2018; 62 (6):1048-1059.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGehendra Kharel; Omkar Joshi; Ron Miller; Chris Zou. 2018. "Perceptions of Government and Research Expert Groups and Their Implications for Watershed Management in Oklahoma, USA." Environmental Management 62, no. 6: 1048-1059.
BackgroundWater level fluctuations in endorheic lakes are highly susceptible to even slight changes in climate and land use. Devils Lake (DL) in North Dakota, USA is an endorheic system that has undergone multi-decade flooding driven by changes in regional climate. Flooding mitigation strategies have centered on the release of lake water to a nearby river system through artificial outlets, resulting in legal challenges and environmental concerns related to water quality, downstream flooding, species migration, stakeholder opposition, and transboundary water conflicts between the US and Canada. Despite these drawbacks, running outlets would result in low overspill risks in the next 30 years.MethodsIn this study we evaluated the efficacy of this outlet-based mitigation strategy under scenarios based on the latest IPCC future climate projections. We used the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project CMIP-5 weather patterns from 17 general circulation models (GCMs) obtained under four representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios and downscaled to the DL region. Then, we simulated the changes in lake water levels using the soil and water assessment tool based hydrological model of the watershed. We estimated the probability of future flood risks under those scenarios and compared those with previously estimated overspill risks under the CMIP-3 climate.ResultsThe CMIP-5 ensemble projected a mean annual temperature of 5.78 °C and mean daily precipitation of 1.42 mm/day; both are higher than the existing CMIP-3 future estimates of 4.98 °C and 1.40 mm/day, respectively. The increased precipitation and higher temperature resulted in a significant increase of DL’s overspill risks: 24.4–47.1% without release from outlets and 3.5–14.4% even if the outlets are operated at their combined full 17 m3/s capacity.DiscussionThe modeled increases in overspill risks indicate a greater frequency of water releases through the artificial outlets. Future risk mitigation management should include providing a flood warning signal to local resource managers, and tasking policy makers to identify additional solution measures such as land use management in the upper watershed to mitigate DL’s flooding.
Gehendra Kharel; Andrei Kirilenko. Comparing CMIP-3 and CMIP-5 climate projections on flooding estimation of Devils Lake of North Dakota, USA. PeerJ 2018, 6, e4711 .
AMA StyleGehendra Kharel, Andrei Kirilenko. Comparing CMIP-3 and CMIP-5 climate projections on flooding estimation of Devils Lake of North Dakota, USA. PeerJ. 2018; 6 ():e4711.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGehendra Kharel; Andrei Kirilenko. 2018. "Comparing CMIP-3 and CMIP-5 climate projections on flooding estimation of Devils Lake of North Dakota, USA." PeerJ 6, no. : e4711.
The combined effects of climate and land-use change have changed both the hydrology and management of endorheic watersheds globally. Devils Lake (DL), North Dakota, USA, has risen nearly 10 m since 1991, resulting in a costly, lengthy and litigious water management issue in the region. With more than 1 billion US dollars already spent in mitigation, DL is less than 2 m from its uncontrolled overspill to the nearby Sheyenne River, which could lead to mounting economic, environmental and social costs. While previous studies have generally attributed the changes in the hydrology of DL to the current wet spell, the impacts of land-use changes have not been investigated. Using a hydrological model, here we develop four land-use alternatives driven by market and policy conditions in the DL watershed and investigate their effects on DL hydrology and overspill probability under historic and changed climates. Land-use scenarios under an ensemble of statistically downscaled general circulation model projections indicate a higher overspill risk (7.4–17.0 vs. 0–2 %) under historical climate. Incentivized grass and alfalfa scenarios were able to moderate the hydrological implications to DL under a changed climate, indicating their potential companion roles in DL flood mitigation strategies.
Gehendra Kharel; Haochi Zheng; Andrei Kirilenko. Can land-use change mitigate long-term flood risks in the Prairie Pothole Region? The case of Devils Lake, North Dakota, USA. Regional Environmental Change 2016, 16, 2443 -2456.
AMA StyleGehendra Kharel, Haochi Zheng, Andrei Kirilenko. Can land-use change mitigate long-term flood risks in the Prairie Pothole Region? The case of Devils Lake, North Dakota, USA. Regional Environmental Change. 2016; 16 (8):2443-2456.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGehendra Kharel; Haochi Zheng; Andrei Kirilenko. 2016. "Can land-use change mitigate long-term flood risks in the Prairie Pothole Region? The case of Devils Lake, North Dakota, USA." Regional Environmental Change 16, no. 8: 2443-2456.