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In this paper, extreme precipitation spatial analog is examined as an alternative method to adapt extreme precipitation projections for use in urban hydrological studies. The idea for this method is that real climate records from some cities can serve as “analogs” that behave like potential future precipitation for other locations at small spatio-temporal scales. Extreme precipitation frequency quantiles of a 3.16 km 2 catchment in the Chicago area, computed using simulations from North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) Regional Climate Models (RCMs) with L-moment method, were compared to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Atlas 14 (NA14) quantiles at other cities. Variances in raw NARCCAP historical quantiles from different combinations of RCMs, General Circulation Models (GCMs), and remapping methods are much larger than those in NA14. The performance for NARCCAP quantiles tend to depend more on the RCMs than the GCMs, especially at durations less than 24-h. The uncertainties in bias-corrected future quantiles of NARCCAP are still large compared to those of NA14, and increase with rainfall duration. Results show that future 3-h and 30-day rainfall in Chicago will be similar to historical rainfall from Memphis, TN and Springfield, IL, respectively. This indicates that the spatial analog is potentially useful, but highlights the fact that the analogs may depend on the duration of the rainfall of interest.
Ariel Kexuan Wang; Francina Dominguez; Arthur Robert Schmidt. Extreme Precipitation Spatial Analog: In Search of an Alternative Approach for Future Extreme Precipitation in Urban Hydrological Studies. Water 2019, 11, 1032 .
AMA StyleAriel Kexuan Wang, Francina Dominguez, Arthur Robert Schmidt. Extreme Precipitation Spatial Analog: In Search of an Alternative Approach for Future Extreme Precipitation in Urban Hydrological Studies. Water. 2019; 11 (5):1032.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAriel Kexuan Wang; Francina Dominguez; Arthur Robert Schmidt. 2019. "Extreme Precipitation Spatial Analog: In Search of an Alternative Approach for Future Extreme Precipitation in Urban Hydrological Studies." Water 11, no. 5: 1032.
This study builds upon established methods for using acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) to measure velocities to include another measurement technique—longitudinal measurements—which are increasingly being used in open channel flow studies. Longitudinal measurements are collected in paths that parallel the streamwise direction as opposed to transect measurements, which are collected perpendicular to the flow direction. This study analyzed ADCP data that were collected concurrently using stationary, transect, and longitudinal collection methods in order to determine which method can be used to most effectively develop interpolated velocity maps. Data from the Pecatonica River in Freeport, Illinois, and the St. Joseph River in Berrien Springs, Michigan, were used as case studies for comparing measurement techniques. To compare interpolated velocities calculated using the longitudinal data collection technique with a traditional transect data collection scheme, the variables of data density and data collection effort were systematically altered to investigate both methods. Data collection effort time was utilized to provide equivalent velocity comparison between the ADCP data collection techniques. Plots that compared interpolated transect and longitudinal velocities to transect and stationary data illustrated that the longitudinal interpolated velocities match the known data and mimic the cross section velocity trend better than the interpolated transect depth averaged velocities. The longitudinal measurement technique was substantially better at describing the depth averaged velocity variation for the river reaches investigated.
Scott D. Banjavcic; Arthur R. Schmidt. Spatial Uncertainty in Depth Averaged Velocity Determined from Stationary, Transect, and Longitudinal ADCP Measurements. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2018, 144, 04018070 .
AMA StyleScott D. Banjavcic, Arthur R. Schmidt. Spatial Uncertainty in Depth Averaged Velocity Determined from Stationary, Transect, and Longitudinal ADCP Measurements. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2018; 144 (12):04018070.
Chicago/Turabian StyleScott D. Banjavcic; Arthur R. Schmidt. 2018. "Spatial Uncertainty in Depth Averaged Velocity Determined from Stationary, Transect, and Longitudinal ADCP Measurements." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 144, no. 12: 04018070.
Nils Oberg; Arthur R. Schmidt; Blake J. Landry; Arturo S. Leon; Andrew R. Waratuke; José M. Mier; Marcelo H. García. Improved understanding of combined sewer systems using the Illinois Conveyance Analysis Program (ICAP). Urban Water Journal 2017, 14, 811 -819.
AMA StyleNils Oberg, Arthur R. Schmidt, Blake J. Landry, Arturo S. Leon, Andrew R. Waratuke, José M. Mier, Marcelo H. García. Improved understanding of combined sewer systems using the Illinois Conveyance Analysis Program (ICAP). Urban Water Journal. 2017; 14 (8):811-819.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNils Oberg; Arthur R. Schmidt; Blake J. Landry; Arturo S. Leon; Andrew R. Waratuke; José M. Mier; Marcelo H. García. 2017. "Improved understanding of combined sewer systems using the Illinois Conveyance Analysis Program (ICAP)." Urban Water Journal 14, no. 8: 811-819.
Yovanni A. Cataño-Lopera; Talia Tokyay; J. Ezequiel Martin; Arthur R. Schmidt; Richard Lanyon; Kevin Fitzpatrick; Carmen F. Scalise; Marcelo H. García. Modeling of a Transient Event in the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan System in Chicago, Illinois. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2014, 140, 05014005 .
AMA StyleYovanni A. Cataño-Lopera, Talia Tokyay, J. Ezequiel Martin, Arthur R. Schmidt, Richard Lanyon, Kevin Fitzpatrick, Carmen F. Scalise, Marcelo H. García. Modeling of a Transient Event in the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan System in Chicago, Illinois. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2014; 140 (9):05014005.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYovanni A. Cataño-Lopera; Talia Tokyay; J. Ezequiel Martin; Arthur R. Schmidt; Richard Lanyon; Kevin Fitzpatrick; Carmen F. Scalise; Marcelo H. García. 2014. "Modeling of a Transient Event in the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan System in Chicago, Illinois." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 140, no. 9: 05014005.
This chapter describes the capabilities and features of the recently developed Illinois transient model (ITM) for simulating the flow dynamics (transient and n…
Arturo S Leon; Oregon State University; Nils Oberg; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. Garcia; University of Illinois. Illinois Transient Model: Simulating the Flow Dynamics in Combined Storm Sewer Systems. Journal of Water Management Modeling 2011, 1 .
AMA StyleArturo S Leon, Oregon State University, Nils Oberg, Arthur R. Schmidt, Marcelo H. Garcia, University of Illinois. Illinois Transient Model: Simulating the Flow Dynamics in Combined Storm Sewer Systems. Journal of Water Management Modeling. 2011; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArturo S Leon; Oregon State University; Nils Oberg; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. Garcia; University of Illinois. 2011. "Illinois Transient Model: Simulating the Flow Dynamics in Combined Storm Sewer Systems." Journal of Water Management Modeling , no. : 1.
A junction and drop-shaft boundary conditions (BCs) for one-dimensional modeling of transient flows in single-phase conditions (pure liquid) are formulated, implemented and their accuracy are evaluated using two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. The BCs are formulated in the case when mixed flows are simulated using two sets of governing equations, the Saint-Venant equations for the free-surface regions and the compressible water hammer equations for the pressurized regions. The proposed BCs handle all possible flow regimes and their combinations. The flow in each pipe can range from free surface to pressurized flow and the water depth at the junction or drop shaft can take on all possible levels. The BCs are applied to the following three cases: (1) a three-way merging flow; (2) a three-way dividing flow; and (3) a drop shaft connected to a single-horizontal pipe subjected to a rapid variation of the water surface level in the drop shaft. The flow regime for the first two cases range from free surface to pressurized flows, while for the third case, the flow regime is pure pressurized flow. For the third case, laboratory results as well as CFD results were used for evaluating its accuracy. The results suggest that the junction and drop-shaft BCs can be used for modeling transient free-surface, pressurized, and mixed flow conditions with good accuracy.
Arturo S. Leon; Xiaofeng Liu; Mohamed S. Ghidaoui; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. García. Junction and Drop-Shaft Boundary Conditions for Modeling Free-Surface, Pressurized, and Mixed Free-Surface Pressurized Transient Flows. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 2010, 136, 705 -715.
AMA StyleArturo S. Leon, Xiaofeng Liu, Mohamed S. Ghidaoui, Arthur R. Schmidt, Marcelo H. García. Junction and Drop-Shaft Boundary Conditions for Modeling Free-Surface, Pressurized, and Mixed Free-Surface Pressurized Transient Flows. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 2010; 136 (10):705-715.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArturo S. Leon; Xiaofeng Liu; Mohamed S. Ghidaoui; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. García. 2010. "Junction and Drop-Shaft Boundary Conditions for Modeling Free-Surface, Pressurized, and Mixed Free-Surface Pressurized Transient Flows." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 136, no. 10: 705-715.
This paper presents the results of the transient analysis for the Calumet system, which is part of the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) that is operated by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC). Three different scenarios were analyzed, which included two different simplifications of the system, two pressure wave celerities and two different conditions for the Thornton reservoir.
Arturo S. Leon; Nam Jeong Choi; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. Garcia. Flow Dynamics in Combined Storm-Sewer Systems: Application of the Illinois Transient Model (ITM) to the Calumet TARP System in Chicago, Illinois. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010 2010, 3703 -3717.
AMA StyleArturo S. Leon, Nam Jeong Choi, Arthur R. Schmidt, Marcelo H. Garcia. Flow Dynamics in Combined Storm-Sewer Systems: Application of the Illinois Transient Model (ITM) to the Calumet TARP System in Chicago, Illinois. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010. 2010; ():3703-3717.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArturo S. Leon; Nam Jeong Choi; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. Garcia. 2010. "Flow Dynamics in Combined Storm-Sewer Systems: Application of the Illinois Transient Model (ITM) to the Calumet TARP System in Chicago, Illinois." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2010 , no. : 3703-3717.
A finite-volume model was built upon earlier work with the aim of simulating free surface flows, pressurized flows and their simultaneous occurrence (mixed flows) in single-liquid and two-phase flow conditions (entrapment and release of air pockets). The model presented herein is based on a two-governing equation model. Three main contributions are presented herein, namely (1) the ability of the proposed model to simulate mixed flows without restriction of the flow type in the free surface region (e.g. supercritical flow), (2) extension of our single-phase flow model for simulating the entrapment and release of air pockets and (3) formulation of an approach for handling numerical instabilities that may occur during numerical pressurization of the flow. The model presented herein is robust and simulates any transient-mixed flow condition for realistic pressure wave celerities.
Arturo S. Leon; Mohamed S. Ghidaoui; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. Garcia. A robust two-equation model for transient-mixed flows. Journal of Hydraulic Research 2010, 48, 44 -56.
AMA StyleArturo S. Leon, Mohamed S. Ghidaoui, Arthur R. Schmidt, Marcelo H. Garcia. A robust two-equation model for transient-mixed flows. Journal of Hydraulic Research. 2010; 48 (1):44-56.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArturo S. Leon; Mohamed S. Ghidaoui; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. Garcia. 2010. "A robust two-equation model for transient-mixed flows." Journal of Hydraulic Research 48, no. 1: 44-56.
This paper describes part of the work presented in León et al. (2009), which presents integrated boundary conditions (BCs) for simulating free surface, pressurized, and the simultaneous occurrence of free surface and pressurized flows (mixed flows) when the free surface region is modeled using the 1D Saint-Venant equations and the pressurized region is modeled using the 1D compressible waterhammer equations. The present paper describes the results of the application of the integrated boundary conditions for modeling free surface, pressurized, and mixed transient flow conditions in two test cases. The first test case is a hypothetical test and the second is an experimental work in an oscillation tube performed by the authors of this paper. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling results were used as frame of comparison for the first test case and experimental results besides CFD results were used for the second one. The results show that the integrated boundary conditions can be used with good accuracy for simulating complex storm-sewer systems in free surface, pressurized and mixed flow conditions. The integrated boundary conditions are general and they can be used to simulate point and storage junctions with any number of inflowing and outflowing pipes. The integrated boundary conditions were implemented in the Illinois Transient Model (ITM), which has been used to study hydraulic transients in the Calumet system of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRDGC). The results of the latter study are not presented in this paper.
Arturo S. Leon; Xiaofeng Liu; Mohamed S. Ghidaoui; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. García. Boundary Conditions for Simulating Complex Storm-Sewer Systems in Free Surface, Pressurized, and Mixed Flow Conditions. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 2009, 1 .
AMA StyleArturo S. Leon, Xiaofeng Liu, Mohamed S. Ghidaoui, Arthur R. Schmidt, Marcelo H. García. Boundary Conditions for Simulating Complex Storm-Sewer Systems in Free Surface, Pressurized, and Mixed Flow Conditions. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. 2009; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArturo S. Leon; Xiaofeng Liu; Mohamed S. Ghidaoui; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. García. 2009. "Boundary Conditions for Simulating Complex Storm-Sewer Systems in Free Surface, Pressurized, and Mixed Flow Conditions." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 , no. : 1.
This paper presents a novel data-driven method for modeling combined sewer overflows (CSOs) in real-time. This method treats CSO event generation as a threshold process that is triggered by increasingly intense rainfall events, and predicts the likelihood of a CSO given input conditions using a Bayesian network. The fusion of relevant data from multiple agencies into a unified data stream in real time is described, and a hierarchical modeling strategy is proposed that will facilitate the exploration of the causes of CSOs and direct research into the adaptive management of combined sewer systems using the Chicago wastewater system as a case study.
D. J. Hill; B. Minsker; A. Schmidt. Predicting CSOs for Real Time Decision Support. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 2009, 1 .
AMA StyleD. J. Hill, B. Minsker, A. Schmidt. Predicting CSOs for Real Time Decision Support. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. 2009; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. J. Hill; B. Minsker; A. Schmidt. 2009. "Predicting CSOs for Real Time Decision Support." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 , no. : 1.
A well known consequence of urbanization is an increase in impervious area (parking lots, streets, roofs, etc), which carries along with it a number of undesirable side effects; such as an increase in storm water runoff and often a degradation of downstream water quality. Storm water best management practices (BMP's) are currently being implemented in many communities across the United States to address these consequences. BMP's increase the pervious area in an urban environment and thus imitate natural storm water processes (i.e. infiltration, filtration, evaporation, etc). BMP's have been shown to reduce runoff quantity whilst improving runoff quality. One specific BMP, green roofs, are proposed to reduce storm water runoff through storage and improve water quality through filtration. While there are data that support these assertions, they are largely insufficient to describe the processes that produce the runoff and water quality changes. As a result, prediction of the hydrologic effects of green roofs (and other BMP's) over a range of conditions often relies on assumed adjustments to empirical parameters such as percent impervious or runoff curve number. In order to provide process-scale data describing hydrologic effects of green roofs, a monitoring system has been installed on an extensive green roof and an adjacent conventional roof on the new Business Instructional Facility on the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign campus. The green roof being monitored is approximately 280 square meters with 0.20 meters of soil and a variety of sedums planted. The conventional roof is approximately 45 square meters. The green roof station is monitoring: volumetric water content at 15 locations, soil temperature at 9 locations, air temperature and relative humidity at two heights, rainfall, runoff, incoming and reflected solar radiation, and temperature underneath the roof at 5 locations. The conventional roof station is monitoring: roof surface temperature at two locations, air temperature and relative humidity at two heights, rainfall, horizontal wind velocity, runoff, incoming and reflected solar radiation, and temperature underneath the roof at 2 locations. In addition, automated samplers collect water quality samples from the runoff of both the green and conventional roofs and a passive atmospheric sampler monitors deposition of particles. To date atmospheric condition data and soil moisture and temperature data have been collected for 20 storm events.
Nathaniel Hanna Holloway; Charles J. Werth; Arthur R. Schmidt. Monitoring the Hydrologic Effects of an Extensive Green Roof. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 2009, 1 -18.
AMA StyleNathaniel Hanna Holloway, Charles J. Werth, Arthur R. Schmidt. Monitoring the Hydrologic Effects of an Extensive Green Roof. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. 2009; ():1-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNathaniel Hanna Holloway; Charles J. Werth; Arthur R. Schmidt. 2009. "Monitoring the Hydrologic Effects of an Extensive Green Roof." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 , no. : 1-18.
The dynamics of the urban landscape are ever changing. As the population grows, urban sprawl gathers momentum and the path for a drop of rainfall changes complexion. The physical processes involved from when rain falls until when it reaches a treatment plant or waterway are highly non-linear. In larger urban catchments, these non-linearities have largely been ignored and linearized through development of lumped or semi-distributed models. This linearization is often used to overcome the sheer size and complexity of the urban catchments. The answer to the question of how much network complexity should be included in a model has been pre-empted by the application of conduit skeletonization and subcatchment aggregation. These simplification techniques are not without their dangers and may introduce bias into the predicted hydrographs. This paper provides a review of modeling approaches that are typically undertaken in modeling large urban catchments, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. The majority of the approaches involve the application of hydrologic models that require calibration and significant knowledge of hydrologic inputs. In many cases the assessment of existing urban hydrologic systems is hindered by the absence of input data and/or calibration data. With this in mind, an innovative approach to modeling large urban hydrologic systems is presented. This approach builds on the fundamentals of the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) that was developed by Rodriguez-Iturbe and Valdes in 1979, which has been successfully applied to natural watersheds over the past three decades. Application of GIUH has evolved such that it can be applied to ungauged natural watersheds with knowledge of as little as the watershed area and layout of the stream network. The approach proposed in this research, in a similar manner, uses the morphology of the sewer system to route flow through the network. Excess rainfall is determined using the Green and Ampt method based on the physical characteristics of the underlying soils. The kinematic wave approach is used, in conjunction with stochastically generated parameters describing relevant subcatchment and sewer characteristics to establish probability distribution functions (PDF) for overland (both pervious and impervious) and sewer travel times. The PDF's of the travel time and excess rainfall are convoluted to generate an outflow hydrograph. This approach maintains the non-linearity of the physical processes in highly urbanized catchments and allows model development in the absence of detailed input and calibration data. Through application of this approach an improved understanding of the physical process can be achieved.
J. P. Cantone; A. R. Schmidt. An Innovative Approach for Modeling Large Urban Hydrologic Systems. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 2009, 1 -16.
AMA StyleJ. P. Cantone, A. R. Schmidt. An Innovative Approach for Modeling Large Urban Hydrologic Systems. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. 2009; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. P. Cantone; A. R. Schmidt. 2009. "An Innovative Approach for Modeling Large Urban Hydrologic Systems." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 , no. : 1-16.
This work is part of a long term project which aims to simulate (1) the hydrology, (2) street flows, (3) flow interception at inlets and (4) storm-sewer flows in urban areas. The present work describes the application of the model using only the first two modules. The hydrologic model (first module) transforms rainfall to runoff using the kinematic wave approximation and simulating the infiltration process with the Green-Ampt method. The street model (second module) is based on a finite volume-shock capturing scheme that solves the full conservative Saint-Venant equations and can be used to simulate subcritical and supercritical flows. The formulation of boundary conditions at the street crossings in the street model is general and can be used for any number of streets, any combination of inflowing and outflowing streets, and any flow type (e.g., supercritical flows). The model using the first two modules is fast and robust and it has several potential applications. Perhaps the most important one is that it can be used in new urban developments to identify critical zones of urban flooding (e.g., zones with high water depths and flow velocities) in order to take appropriate measures of drainage control (e.g., to increase capacity of inlets). This model can also be used in developed urban areas to locate the critical areas in case of inlet clogging. In order to illustrate the capabilities of the model (first two modules) it was applied to an urban catchment in the village of Dolton, a southern suburb of Chicago. The watershed of this village drains to the dropshaft CDS-51 in the Calumet TARP (Tunel and Reservoir Plan) system which is operated by the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago. The fact that this model is fast makes suitable its application to large urban areas.
Arturo S. Leon; Leonardo S. Nanía; Arthur Schmidt; Marcelo H. García. A Robust and Fast Model for Simulating Street Flooding. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 2009, 1 -10.
AMA StyleArturo S. Leon, Leonardo S. Nanía, Arthur Schmidt, Marcelo H. García. A Robust and Fast Model for Simulating Street Flooding. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. 2009; ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArturo S. Leon; Leonardo S. Nanía; Arthur Schmidt; Marcelo H. García. 2009. "A Robust and Fast Model for Simulating Street Flooding." World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009 , no. : 1-10.
Arturo Leon; University of Illinois; Mohamed S. Ghidaoui; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. García; University of Hong Kong. An Efficient Finite-Volume Scheme for Modeling Water Hammer Flows. Journal of Water Management Modeling 2007, 1 .
AMA StyleArturo Leon, University of Illinois, Mohamed S. Ghidaoui, Arthur R. Schmidt, Marcelo H. García, University of Hong Kong. An Efficient Finite-Volume Scheme for Modeling Water Hammer Flows. Journal of Water Management Modeling. 2007; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArturo Leon; University of Illinois; Mohamed S. Ghidaoui; Arthur R. Schmidt; Marcelo H. García; University of Hong Kong. 2007. "An Efficient Finite-Volume Scheme for Modeling Water Hammer Flows." Journal of Water Management Modeling , no. : 1.