Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen associated with periodontitis development, a chronic inflammatory pathology characterized by the destruction of the supporting teeth structure. Macrophages are recruited cells in the inflammatory infiltrate from patients with periodontitis. They are activated by the P. gingivalis virulence factors arsenal, promoting an inflammatory microenvironment characterized by cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), prostaglandins, and metalloproteinases (MMPs) that foster the tissular destruction characteristic of periodontitis. Furthermore, P. gingivalis suppresses the generation of nitric oxide, a potent antimicrobial molecule, through its degradation, and incorporating its byproducts as a source of energy. Oral antimicrobial peptides can contribute to controlling the disease due to their antimicrobial and immunoregulatory activity, which allows them to maintain homeostasis in the oral cavity. This study aimed to analyze the immunopathological role of macrophages activated by P. gingivalis in periodontitis and suggested using antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic agents to treat the disease.

Background: In regenerative medicine, there is interest in using acellular therapy based on the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to promote wound healing. Wharton’s jelly cells (WJ-MSCs) are a readily available source. Their secretion has been optimized when stimulated with FGF and EGF to induce proliferation and prevent senescence. Therefore, evaluating the effect on proliferation and wound closure of human fibroblasts in vitro with different concentrations of the secretome of WJ-MSCs stimulated with growth factors is necessary to identify the most efficient work concentration. Methods: The secretome of human WJ-MSC was collected from passage 1 to passage 2 stimulated with FGF and EGF (W FGF/EGF) and the unstimulated secretome (WO FGF/EGF). The immunophenotype of WJ-MSCs after stimulation was evaluated by flow cytometry for the markers: CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, HLA-ABC+, CD44+, HLA-DR−, CD34−, CD11b−, CD19−, and CD45−. The presence of 14 growth factors in the secretome was evaluated using LEGENDplex through flow cytometry. Fibroblasts were cultured, and their culture medium was supplemented with two different concentrations: one of 1.25 mg/mL and another of 6.25 mg/mL of both stimulated and unstimulated secretome. Proliferation, cellular metabolism, and wound closure were evaluated in vitro. Results: The immunophenotype of WJ-MSCs after stimulation remained unchanged, and the production of growth-assessed factors was increased in stimulated WJ-MSCs. The optimal concentration that induced proliferation and wound closure in vitro was 1.25 mg/mL of stimulated WJ-MSC secretome. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that stimulation of WJ-MSCs with FGF and EGF enhances the secretion of growth factors, and that a concentration of 1.25 mg/mL of their secretome promotes optimal fibroblast proliferation and wound closure in vitro. These findings support the potential of optimized WJ-MSC secretome as a promising acellular strategy for regenerative medicine.

Background: In regenerative medicine, there is interest in using acellular therapy based on the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to promote wound healing. Wharton's jelly cells (WJ-MSCs) are a readily available source. Their secretion has been optimized when stimulated with bFGF and EGF to induce proliferation and prevent senescence. Therefore, evaluating the effect on proliferation and wound closure of human fibroblasts in vitro with different concentrations of the secretome of WJ-MSCs stimulated with growth factors is necessary to identify the most efficient work concentration. Methods: The secretome of human WJ-MSC was collected from passage 1 to passage 2 stimulated with bFGF and EGF (W bFGF/EGF) and the unstimulated secretome (WO bFGF/EGF). The immunophenotype of WJ-MSCs after stimulation was evaluated by flow cytometry for the markers: CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, HLA-ABC+, CD44+, HLA-DR-, CD34-, CD11b-, CD19-, and CD45-. The presence of 14 growth factors in the secretome was evaluated using LEGENDplex through flow cytometry. Fibroblasts were cultured, and their culture medium was supplemented with two different concentrations: one of 1.25 mg/ml and another of 6.25 mg/ml of both stimulated and unstimulated secretome. Proliferation, cellular metabolism, and wound closure were evaluated in vitro. Results: The immunophenotype of WJ-MSCs after stimulation remained unchanged, and the production of growth-assessed factors was increased in stimulated WJ-MSCs. The optimal concentration that induced proliferation and wound closure in vitro was 1.25mg/ml of stimulated WJ-MSC secretome. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that stimulation of WJ-MSCs with FGF and EGF enhances the secretion of growth factors, and that a concentration of 1.25 mg/ml of their secretome promotes optimal fibroblast proliferation and wound closure in vitro. These findings support the potential of optimized WJ-MSC secretome as a promising acellular strategy for regenerative medicine.

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a neglected tropical disease of relevance due to its chronic complications and limited therapeutic options. Current treatments, mainly benznidazole and nifurtimox, are limited by toxicity, adverse effects, and reduced efficacy in chronic infection. Therefore, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have emerged as promising candidates for identifying new antiparasitic strategies because of their ability to affect multiple cellular targets. In this study, we evaluated the anti-trypanosomal activity, host-cell cytotoxicity, and cellular alterations induced by the human salivary peptide Histatin 5 (Hist 5) against T. cruzi epimastigotes. The reversibility of the antiparasitic effect was assessed through washout assays after 48 h of exposure. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in Vero cells and RAW264.7 macrophages, whereas parasite susceptibility was determined using dose–response curves. The reversibility of the antiparasitic effect was assessed through washout assays after 48 h of exposure. Ultrastructural alterations induced by Hist 5 were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. Cell death-associated events were assessed using Annexin V/PI staining and TUNEL assays to detect phosphatidylserine externalization and DNA fragmentation, respectively. Reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production were quantified using 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCFDA) fluorescence and the Griess reaction. Hist 5 showed limited cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells and reduced parasite viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Following peptide removal, parasite growth recovered only partially, indicating that the antiparasitic effect was not completely reversible. Hist 5 also induced marked ultrastructural damage, apoptosis-like cell death, increased intracellular ROS levels, and enhanced NO production. These findings suggest that Hist 5 affects T. cruzi epimastigotes through multiple cellular alterations while exerting limited effects on host-cell viability.

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a major public health problem in Latin America and an emerging global health concern due to population mobility. Although benznidazole and nifurtimox remain the only approved antiparasitic drugs, their limited efficacy in chronic infection, prolonged treatment regimens, frequent adverse effects, and variable activity across parasite strains highlight the need for new therapeutic strategies. In addition, the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease is driven not only by parasite persistence but also by immune-mediated tissue damage, particularly in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. In this review, we examine emerging therapeutic approaches that extend beyond conventional trypanocidal chemotherapy, with emphasis on natural products, antimicrobial peptides, and cell-based immunomodulatory strategies. Plant compounds and essential oils have shown antiparasitic activity through mechanisms including oxidative stress induction, membrane disruption, interference with sterol biosynthesis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while some extracts also modulate host immune responses. Antimicrobial peptides display dual potential by directly damaging parasite membranes and organelles or by reshaping infection-associated inflammatory responses. In parallel, cell-based therapies such as mesenchymal stromal cells, tolerogenic dendritic cells, and bone marrow-derived cells have demonstrated promising cardioprotective and immunoregulatory effects in experimental chronic Chagas disease. Collectively, these approaches support a multitarget therapeutic framework in which parasite-directed and host-directed interventions may complement each other. Further mechanistic studies, standardization, and translational validation will be essential to advance these candidates toward clinically useful therapies for Chagas disease.

Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, remains a major public health problem in Latin America and an emerging global health concern due to population mobility. Alt-hough benznidazole and nifurtimox remain the only approved antiparasitic drugs, their limited efficacy in chronic infection, prolonged treatment regimens, frequent adverse ef-fects, and variable activity across parasite strains highlight the need for new therapeutic strategies. In addition, the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease is driven not only by parasite persistence but also by immune-mediated tissue damage, particularly in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy. In this review, we examine emerging therapeutic approaches that extend beyond conventional trypanocidal chemotherapy, with emphasis on plant-derived extracts, essential oils, antimicrobial peptides, and cell-based immuno-modulatory strategies. Plant compounds and essential oils have shown antiparasitic ac-tivity through mechanisms including oxidative stress induction, membrane disruption, interference with sterol biosynthesis, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while some extracts also modulate host immune responses. Antimicrobial peptides display dual potential by directly damaging parasite membranes and organelles or by reshaping infec-tion-associated inflammatory responses. In parallel, cell-based therapies such as mesen-chymal stromal cells, tolerogenic dendritic cells, and bone marrow-derived cells have demonstrated promising cardioprotective and immunoregulatory effects in experimental chronic Chagas disease. Collectively, these approaches support a multitarget therapeutic framework in which parasite-directed and host-directed interventions may complement each other. Further mechanistic studies, standardization, and translational validation will be essential to advance these candidates toward clinically useful therapies for Chagas disease.