Shrimp farming is probably the most recent animal production activity generating high-quality animal protein, jobs, and economic revenue for many developing and middle-income countries worldwide. Despite the steady growth over the last two decades, aquaculture production has recently seen a decreased growth rate, with infectious diseases being a culprit. Mexico is a major farmed shrimp producer in the world, with the industry generating about USD 1 billion each year and providing jobs for those in vulnerable social sectors. Nonetheless, various viral and bacterial diseases have affected production and hampered development. This review provides a historic account of shrimp farming in Mexico and the chronology, features, and impact of the main infectious diseases. At present, Penstylhamaparvovirus (formerly known as IHHNV) has decreased in importance as a pathogen and is the only virus that has coexisted with other major pathogens. In Mexico, main pathogens dominate shrimp farming during certain periods, then they become eclipsed by a new emergent pathogen. Exotic pathogens likely entered Mexico through the movement of live broodstock or larvae or through contaminated imported crustacean commodities for human consumption. Stronger biosecurity measures such as quarantine protocols and sensitive diagnostic tools at the borders are required to reduce the risk of other emergent pathogens.