Multihazard risk in coastal regions, for which different model-based assessments are employed to get detailed insights, still presents persistent uncertainties in representing localized impacts accurately. Therefore, the study aims to evaluate the methods adopted for coastal flood risk assessment (CFRA) by identifying various approaches to assess the severity and likelihood of coastal flood events. A systematic review was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science, identifying 76 relevant publications from an initial pool of 1119. The analysis involved quantitative appraisal using Microsoft Excel and qualitative descriptions under PRISMA in 2020. The review reveals various numerical models, statistical and probability models, empirical models, geospatial and image processing tools, decision-making approaches, and loss or damage functions that are utilized in different methodologies for improved risk assessment. This study highlights the advancements in hydrological modeling and climate projections, particularly with general circulation model (GCM) integration and multi-model approaches for CFRA. While considerable progress has been made in addressing complex coastal environments, challenges such as data accuracy, model uncertainty, and the need for more comprehensive flood risk analyses persist.

Urbanisation can catalyse development outcomes; however, rapid population growth under resource constraints can contribute to the proliferation of slum settlements. At the household level, access to livelihood capitals can shape vulnerability by providing resources or creating constraints. Although the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF) provides a comprehensive basis for understanding livelihood capitals, its empirical application to household-level vulnerability assessment in urban slum contexts remains limited. This study develops an empirically validated Urban Livelihood Vulnerability Index (ULVI) to assess household-level vulnerability and compare slum settlements. A multiple-case study design was employed in two officially notified slum settlements in Kanpur, India. Primary data were collected through a structured household questionnaire, supplemented by field observations and interviews. The findings reveal a statistically significant difference in household-level ULVI between the two settlements, providing empirical evidence of inter-settlement heterogeneity in livelihood vulnerability. Capital-wise analysis indicates distinct configurations of livelihood capitals: 48 Quarter records higher level of human and physical capital, Nayapurwa records higher social capital, while financial capital does not differ significantly between the settlements. The findings demonstrate that urban slum settlements cannot necessarily be treated as homogeneous units of livelihood vulnerability. The study contributes a structured framework for household-level vulnerability assessment and provides evidence to support more targeted urban planning and policy interventions.

Al-Madafah (the guesthouse) is a cornerstone of the cultural and social fabric of Sweida Province in southern Syria. Rooted in the Druze community’s history following their settlement in Jabal al-Arab in the 17th century, these structures have served as spaces for hospitality, cultural exchange, political resistance, and community cohesion. Despite their significance, scholarly research on Madafahs in Sweida remains limited. This article examines their architectural design, socio-cultural roles, and historical evolution to uncover this understudied tradition and advance conservation efforts for this heritage. Combining archival research, case studies, and oral histories from residents and experts, this study employs narrative analysis to decode the cultural meanings embedded in these spaces. Findings reveal that Madafahs are more than architectural landmarks; they serve as living embodiments of resilience, cultural pride, and communal identity, fostering social cohesion, while their basalt stone construction reflects Jabal al-Arab’s vernacular heritage. Historically, they hosted revolutionary activities against colonial rule. Today, urbanisation and economic pressures threaten their traditional role, yet they endure as symbols of continuity. This study highlights Madafahs as valuable heritage sites and cradles for narratives of magnanimity and defiance. Collaborative efforts between stakeholders and policymakers could revitalise these spaces, ensuring that their legacy persists amid modern challenges.