In addition to being a crucial component of plant growth, phosphorus (P) is also important for preserving thesustainability of the environment. The accessibility of phosphorus in soil, its vital importance for plant roots, and thewider environmental effects of managing it are all covered in this The intricate interaction of multiple elements,including soil pH, biological material content, and microbial activity, determines the availability of phosphorus in soil. Itis essential to comprehend and maximize phosphorus availability to guarantee a sufficient supply of nutrients to plantroots. Plants absorb phosphorus mostly in the form of phosphate ions (H2PO4). A deficiency of phosphorus in the soilcan cause stunted growth, lower agricultural yields, and general plant health problems. Plants have developed severaltactics to improve their uptake of phosphorus, such as the exudation of organic acids from their roots and as well assymbiotic relationships with mycorrhizae fungus. These adaptations demonstrate how important phosphorus is to plantlife and ecological health.

High-valent metal species (iron, manganese, cobalt, copper, and ruthenium) based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as sustainable technologies for water remediation. These processes offer high selectivity, electron transfer efficiency, and compatibility with circular chemistry principles compared to conventional systems. This comprehensive review discusses recent advances in the synthesis, stabilization, and catalytic applications of high-valent metals in aqueous environments. This study highlights their dual functionality, not only as conventional oxidants but also as mechanistic mediators within redox cycles that underpin next-generation AOPs. In this review, the formation mechanisms of these species in various oxidant systems are critically evaluated, highlighting the significance of ligand design, supramolecular confinement, and single-atom engineering in enhancing their stability. The integration of high-valent metal-based AOPs into photocatalysis, sonocatalysis, and electrochemical regeneration is explored through a newly proposed classification framework, highlighting their potential in the development of energy efficient hybrid systems. In addition, this work addresses the critical yet underexplored area of environmental fate, elucidating the post-oxidation transformation pathways of high-valent species, with particular attention to their implications for metal recovery and nutrient valorization. This review highlights the potential of high-valent metal-based AOPs as a promising approach for zero wastewater treatment within circular economies. Future frontiers, including bioinspired catalyst design, machine learning-guided optimization, and closed loop reactor engineering, will bridge the gap between laboratory research and real-world applications.

This review explores how plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) and nanoparticles can improve thephysicochemical traits of wheat plants and boost crop yields. Wheat is essential for the world's food supply, but its growthis impacted by factors such as soil quality and climate. The potential for enhancing crop productivity and soil quality withPGPRs is promising. They improve wheat plant photosynthesis, soil fertility, nutrient availability, and antioxidant activity.When nanoparticles and PGPRs are used together, physicochemical characteristics are improved due to their synergisticeffects. These environmentally friendly techniques have the potential to encourage the sustainable production of wheat,reduce dependence on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and increase soil fertility. However, it is critical to address anypossible health and environmental risks associated with their use. Overall, PGPRs and nanoparticles are viable optionsfor increasing wheat crop production and sustainability.

Rapid urbanization and industry can lead to an increase the air pollution. Through 1964 the, photochemical aspects of air pollution are studied. In this review article, we have compiled data about the major processes that cause photochemical smog, tropospheric ozone (O3), and other oxidants. Besides this natural and anthropogenic activities that contribute to the formation of photochemical smog are also discussed so that mitigation and adaptation strategies can be done in a better way. Photochemical smog is formed when sunlight reacts with volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides. Due to these reactions, ozone and other pollutants are formed. Nowadays photochemical smog is a major problem in urban areas during the summer. Sunlight acts as a major precursor in the formation of photochemical smog. Photochemical air pollution is an emerging issue nowadays therefore we must implement strategies to reduce the emissions from industries, vehicles, and power plants. The use of electric vehicles as compared to other vehicles can help to reduce photochemical air pollution.

The synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanoparticles (NPs) for environmental remediation are reviewed in this review article. An overview of several synthesis techniques—such as precipitation, thermal decomposition, and hydrothermal synthesis—that allow the creation of NPs with precise size, shape, and magnetic properties is given in this work. It also explores methods for characterizing NPs, which are essential for understanding their chemical, magnetic, and physical properties. These methods include vibrating sample magnet magnetometry (VSM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Most reviews highlight the application of NPs in environmental remediation, emphasizing their efficiency in the adsorption and removal of organic pollutants, heavy metals, and dyes from contaminated water. Case studies demonstrate the use of NPs in real-world ecological remediation situations, highlighting its promise as an environmentally beneficial and long-term method of remediation of soil and water. The review discusses NP-based addresses and prospective future initiatives, such as the need for scalable synthesis methodologies, the development of more advanced functionalization strategies to target specific pollutants and environmental impact assessments.

Abiotic stressors and the natural shortage of traditional agrochemicals are increasingly hazardous to global food security, necessitating innovative solutions. This review examines the rapidly evolving role of nanotechnology particularly seed nano-priming and nano-encapsulation as promising strategies to enhance crop resilience and promote sustainable agriculture. The challenge of abiotic stressors and decreasing effectiveness of traditional agrochemicals pose a threat to worldwide food security, and they demand creative solutions. The current review shows the emerging importance of nanotechnology, namely seed nano-priming and nano-encapsulation in enhancing crop resilience and sustainability. Nano-priming the seeds by using metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles (TiO2, CeO2, ZnO), halloysite nanotubes, and chitosan-based systems in the process of seed imbibition triggers stress-response genes, up-regulates antioxidant enzymes, and increases nutrient mobilization. These mechanisms enhance salinity and drought tolerance of germination, seedling vigor, biomass and yield in cereals and vegetables. Nano-encapsulation, which is obtained by top-down and bottom-up methods, allows the release of nutrients, growth regulators and biopesticides in a controlled and responsive manner to stimuli reducing leaching, environmental pollution, and frequency of application. Green-synthesized nanoparticles and bio-degradable carriers are other supporting factors that make eco-friendly pest management with minimal effects on non-target organisms. The initial costs are more expensive, but economic studies suggest positive returns in the long term. Synthesis reproducibility, long-term nanoparticle behavior in soil, harmonization of regulations and scalable production are some of the remaining challenges. These nano-enabled approaches are in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 2, 3, 12, and 13) and provide a way to an agricultural system that is climate-smart. Graphical abstract