The complexities of translational strategies make this stage of implementing genetic information one of the most challenging to comprehend and, simultaneously, perhaps the most engaging. It is evident that this diverse range of strategies results not only from a long evolutionary history, but is also of paramount importance for refining gene expression and metabolic modulation. This notion is particularly accurate for organisms that predominantly exhibit biochemical and physiological reactions with a lack of behavioural ones. Plants are a group of organisms that exhibit such features. Addressing unfavourable environmental conditions plays a pivotal role in plant physiology. This is particularly evident with the changing conditions of global warming and the irrevocable loss or depletion of natural ecosystems. In conceptual terms, the plant response to abiotic stress comprises a set of elaborate and intricate strategies. This is influenced by a range of abiotic factors that cause stressful conditions, and molecular genetic mechanisms that fine-tune metabolic pathways allowing the plant organism to overcome non-standard and non-optimal conditions. This review aims to focus on the current state of the art in the field of translational regulation in plants under abiotic stress conditions. Different regulatory elements and patterns are being assessed chronologically. We deem it important to focus on significant high-performance techniques for studying the genetic information dynamics during the translation phase.

This review is devoted to the molecular mechanisms of low positive temperature reception by plant cells. The role of primary sensors of cold exposure is discussed –Ca²⁺ channels and the COLD1 protein. Attention is paid to various directions of Ca²⁺-signaling: the Ca²⁺/calmodulin response involving CRLK1 and the Ca²⁺/calmodulin response involving transcription factors (TF) CAMTA are considered. All directions of Ca²⁺-signaling lead to the activation of the expression of CBFs genes, which are positively regulated by ICEs proteins and negatively by MYB15 protein. The presence of TF CBFs is necessary for the activation of a group of cold-regulated (COR) genes. COR genes encode proteins of different structure and function, which are united by the protective role they perform during low damaging temperatures. Among these genes are genes for proteins that stabilize membranes, regulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and activate the synthesis of cryoprotectors.

The intricacies of translational strategies make this stage of the implementation of genetic information one of the most difficult to understand and, at the same time, perhaps the most interesting. It also becomes clear that all this variety of strategies is not just a consequence of a long evolutionary history but is of paramount importance for fine-tuning gene expression and metabolic modulation. This is especially true for those organisms that demonstrate predominantly biochemical and physiological reactions with a lack of behavioural ones. Plants are just such a group of organisms. Overcoming unfavourable environmental conditions occupies a key place in plant physiology. This is especially true with the changing conditions of global warming and the irretrievable loss or depletion of natural ecosystems. Conceptually, the response of plants to abiotic stress is a set of complex and intricate strategies. This is dictated both by a variety of abiotic factors that provoke stressful conditions and by a variety of molecular genetic mechanisms that make it possible to fine-tune the metabolic pathways through which the plant organism overcomes non-standard and non-optimal conditions. In the presented review, we tried to focus on the state-of-the-art in the field of translational regulation in plants under abiotic stress conditions. Various regulatory elements and patterns are considered in relative chronological order. We also considered it necessary to pay attention to key high-performance methods for studying the dynamics of genetic information at the stage of translation.

Late spring frosts and transient cold spells constrain tomato productivity. This study presents a comparative analysis of the chilling response of two Solanum lycopersicum cultivars, MoneyMaker (MM) and Micro-Tom (MT), and the wild relative S. lycopersicoides. The assessment integrated physiological parameters, such as electrolyte leakage and PSII efficiency, expression levels of CBF1–3 genes (via qPCR), and fatty acid composition dynamics of membrane lipids (via gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). The results revealed distinct response strategies. S. lycopersicoides exhibited comprehensive tolerance and was coordinated across biological levels. Its key mechanisms include superior membrane integrity, sustained PSII photochemical efficiency, stable upregulation of CBF genes (with predominant CBF3 induction), and consistently high α-linolenic acid content. This integration prevented membrane damage and sustained photosynthesis. Conversely, the MM cultivar displayed high sensitivity, characterized by transient CBF1 upregulation, an absence of adaptive lipid remodelling, rapid membrane damage, and severe photoinhibition, explaining its poor recovery. The MT genotype demonstrated an intermediate phenotype, featuring delayed but persistent CBF activation, and the partial lipid profile shifted toward the wild-type pattern, indicating a partial adaptive capacity for membrane adjustment. These findings establish S. lycopersicoides as a vital genetic resource for breeding cold-tolerant tomatoes, while MT provides a model for studying adaptation mechanisms in cultivated varieties.

Stress is one of the important factors affecting the growth and development of plants. In recent years, a large body of data on transcriptional changes in response to stress in plants has been obtained. Despite the fact that the important role of the regulation of translation in response to stress has been proven in plants, knowledge in this area remains extremely scarce. In this review, we focused on mRNA translation in the cytoplasm of higher plants. Most of the current research on the effects of translation has been done in yeast and mammalian systems. Translation factors and mechanisms are mostly conserved among eukaryotes; however, some differences are known to exist among plants. A comprehensive understanding of the complex apparatus of translation and its regulation in plants is required. In this work, we have tried to update modern ideas about the regulation of translation under conditions of abiotic stress.