Complex and dynamic networks of molecules are involved in human diseases. Single‐cell and spatial multiomics approaches have created new avenues for understanding the pathogenesis and diagnosis of diseases. Cell connections and characteristics in diseases may be examined more thoroughly by integration single‐cell and spatial multiomics. In this paper, we first reviewed the single‐cell and spatial multiomics approaches. Subsequently, the use of single‐cell and spatial multiomics to comprehend the mechanisms of human diseases, such as cancer (head and neck squamous cell carcinoma), neurodegenerative diseases, and aging, was discussed. Furthermore, we outline how deep learning approaches are now being applied to single‐cell and spatial multiomics data analysis in an effort to better define the pathogenic alterations upstream and the downstream molecular effects of diseases. Particularly, single‐cell and spatial multiomics are being utilized to help guide treatment plans, evaluate risks, and determine how they can affect precision medicine. Despite the relative youth of the field, the development of single‐cell coupled with spatial multiomics promises to provide a powerful tool for elucidating the pathogenesis of diseases.

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are network structures composed of DNA, histones, and antimicrobial proteins,released by activated neutrophils to trap and eliminate extracellular pathogens. Recent research has demonstrated a strong correlation between NETs and various diseases, including immune dysregulation, thrombosis, and malignancies. This review synthesizes current research on NETs, focusing on its biological role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and explores its potential in treating. A literature review in the PubMed database was conducted to examine the impact of NETs on the homeostasis of oral microbiota and the involvement in the development of oral microbiota-related carcinogenesis. Various microorganisms, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus spp., along with Candida albicans, as well as certain viruses such as Human papillomavirus (HPV), Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8), and Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)are regulated by NETs during oral colonization and proliferation and have been identified as contributors to the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. NETs have been shown to play a dual role in the carcinogenic process of oral microbiota in humans. At the initial stage of tumor formation, NETs inhibit tumorigenesis by eliminating tumorigenic bacteria that infiltrated the tumor; however, following tumor establishment, various cytokines and chemokines that promote tumor progression are released by neutrophils during the NETs formation. This article reviews the oncogenic mechanisms of NETs in the oral microbiota, with potential implications for early tumor detection and the development of microbe-targeted therapies.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a common malignant tumor that affects the head and neck area. HNSCC typically has complex clinical symptom