This study examines the impact of renewable energy (RNEW-ENERGY), green technology, and natural resource rents on carbon emissions in GCC countries. Data was collected from the World Bank development indicators (WDI) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Using multiple standardized and dynamic regression models, the study finds that renewable energy, environmental innovations, and climate adaptation technologies contribute significantly to the reduction of CO₂ emissions. Conversely, natural resources rent is found to have a positive and significant influence on CO2 emissions, implying that excessive extraction and utilization of resources such as fossil oil, charcoal, and natural gas increase the magnitude of carbon dioxide emissions, which affects environmental sustainability. The findings supported the objective of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, especially SDGs 11, 13, and 15. These findings suggest that the GCC government should develop a policy to accelerate investment in renewable energy infrastructure and technologies across both the private and public sectors. Governments should also support and facilitate research and development, particularly those that include knowledge transfer and climate-resilient technologies.

The need for a stronger framework that integrates green taxation, innovation, and energy into logistics operations in Africa has grown because these measures are critical to the continent’s green development, participation in global green goals, and ensuring an equitable, prosperous future for African countries. To address this issue, this study investigated the impacts of green taxation, innovation, and energy on green logistics in Africa. This study drew on secondary sources, including the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, to create a dataset of 23 African countries from 2008 to 2022. In line with the pre-estimation test, we used heterogeneous panel data. As in the pre-estimation test, we used a heterogeneous panel data model (HDPDM). The results revealed that green taxation (GREENTAX) had a positive, significant long run effect on green logistics (GREENLOGI), implying that a green taxation regime could prompt behavioral changes among logistics customers and suppliers, promoting environmentally friendly practices. The results also showed that green innovations (GREENINNOV) had a positive, significant short- and long-term influence on GREENLOGI, emphasizing the need to incorporate green innovations into logistics plans to achieve short- and long-term benefits. Moreover, renewable energy (RENEW) was observed to be positive significant in the long run but insignificant in the short term. This indicates that the environmental effects of energy transition take time to materialize. Policymakers and regulators can use the study’s insights to develop frameworks to improve environmental policies and initiatives in African nations.