As the most frequent dust event in the Tarim Basin (TB), persistent floating dust significantly impacts the regional weather and climate. Long-term analysis (2015–2024) showed that the occurrence of persistent floating dust is significantly associated with the presence of the nocturnal low-level jet (NLLJ). To investigate this potential linkage, the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was used to simulate the persistent floating dust event accompanied by the NLLJ in the TB from 29 to 31 July 2006. Results indicated that a typical NLLJ occurred during the event, with an easterly jet core (>12 m/s) near 850-hPa facilitating the westward dust transport and accumulation within the TB, as well as strong convergence and vertical uplift on its front side elevating the dust layer height (DLH). Quantification showed that the NLLJ enhanced dust column concentrations (mean maximum > 100 mg/m²) and DLH (mean maximum > 300 m) over the central and western TB, and the cumulative maximum increase in dust emissions exceeded 200 mg/m², in the NLLJ region. Furthermore, nocturnal dust radiative forcing intensified the NLLJ by up to 1 m/s, thereby establishing a positive feedback mechanism. These results reveal the crucial role of the NLLJ in persistent floating dust events and enrich our understanding of such events in the TB.