The purpose of the articles is to identify key factors that may affect the level of hospital's liquidity ratio. We’ve posed four research hypotheses, assuming that, the level of financial liquidity in hospitals depends on several factors (number of beds, annual income per bed, profitability ratios, debt ratio).We’ve found that:1) there is a positive relationship between debt ratio and liquidity and profitability ratio and liquidity2) the relationship between the size of the hospital and the financial liquidity is not statistically significant.In the study we’ve use statistical tools: Pearson's correlation coefficient, T-Student's test with Cohran-Cox's correction

Literature review suggests that rural hospitals are in the worst financial conditions due to several factors: They are smaller, located in remote areas, and they provide less specialized services due to their problems with employing well-qualified staff. We decided to check whether it is true in the case of Polish hospitals. Based on the literature review, we have assumed that rural hospitals have less favorable financial conditions. In order to verify this assumption, we use seven indicators of financial health as well as a synthetic measure of financial condition. We have found that, in fact, there is no difference in financial condition between rural and urban hospitals, or even that the financial health of rural hospitals is better if we employ the synthetic measure. Additionally, we have found that the form of activity can be a crucial driver of better financial performance. The concept of rural sustainability is supported by good financial conditions of rural hospitals, which helps to provide better access to medical services for inhabitants of rural areas.

Background: The economic slowdown affects the population's health. Based on a social gradient concept, we usually assume that this detrimental impact results from a lower social status, joblessness, or other related factors. Although many researchers dealt with the relationship between economy and health, the findings are still inconsistent, primarily related to unemployment. This study reinvestigates a relationship between the economy's condition and health by decomposing it into macroeconomic indicators. Methods: We use data for 21 European countries to estimate the panel models, covering the years 1995–2019. Dependent variables describe population health (objective measures – life expectancy for a newborn and 65 years old, healthy life expectancy, separately for male and female). The explanatory variables primarily represent GDP and other variables describing the public finance and health sectors. Results: (1) the level of economic activity affects the population’s health – GDP stimulates the life expectancies positively; this finding is strongly statistically significant; (2) the unemployment rate also positively affects health; hence, increasing the unemployment rate is linked to better health – this effect is relatively short-term. Conclusions: Social benefits or budgetary imbalance may play a protective role during an economic downturn.

Equal access to health services is one of the priorities of health policy. We assumed, that equitable health service was a consequence of even resource allocation. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationships between non-financial allocation of health resources and the state of health of the Polish population (women and men, at the age of 60), at the level of regions. In order to prove research assumptions, Perkal's method was applied.We confirmed, that non-financial resources are allocated unequally. We also proved the existence of the relationship between access to health care and the state of health of a population

Literature studies suggest, that hospitals in rural areas are usually smaller and more sensitive to changes in health policies. The aim of this research is to assess and compare the financial condition of rural and urban hospitals. Basing on literature studies, we have assumed, that rural hospitals are characterized by lower profitability, higher debt and lower overall financial condition. We have proved, that rural hospital, although smaller, have lower debt ratios and better financial condition (especially in terms of profitability and liquidity). We have applied statistical tool and authorial methodology (“The M Method”), which basis on synthetic indicators of financial condition

Rural areas, as well as urban ones, are not homogeneous in terms of social and economic conditions. Those surrounding large urban centers (suburban rural areas) act different roles than those located in remote areas. This study aims to measure the level of inequalities in social determinants of health (SDH) between two categories of rural areas. We pose the following research hypotheses: (hypothesis H1) rural areas in Poland are relatively homogenous in the context of SDH and (hypothesis H2) SDH affects life expectancies of rural residents. Based on data covering all rural territories, we found that rural areas in Poland are homogenous in SDH. We also find important determinants of health rooted in a demographic structure—the feminization index and a ratio of the working-age population. On the other hand, we cannot confirm the influence of commonly used SDH-GDP and unemployment rate.