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Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar
Alagappa University

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Preprint content
Published: 09 July 2021
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The present study was deliberately focused to explore the antivirulence efficacy of a plant allelochemical –catechol against Candida albicans, and attempts were made to elucidate the underlying mechanisms as well. Catechol at its sub-MIC concentrations (2 to 256 μg/mL) exhibited a dose dependent biofilm as well as hyphal inhibitory efficacies, which were ascertained through both light and fluorescence microscopic analyses. Further, sub-MICs of catechol displayed remarkable antivirulence efficacy, as it substantially inhibited C. albicans’ virulence enzymes i.e. secreted hydrolases. Notably, FTIR analysis divulged the potency of catechol in effective loosening of C. albicans’ exopolymeric matrix, which was further reinforced using EPS quantification assay. Although, catechol at BIC (256 μg/mL) did not disrupt the mature biofilms of C. albicans, their initial adherence was significantly impeded by reducing their hydrophobic nature. Besides, FTIR analysis also unveiled the ability of catechol in enhancing the production of farnesol -a metabolite of C. albicans, whose accumulation naturally blocks yeast-hyphal transition. The qPCR data showed significant down-regulation of candidate genes viz., RAS1, HWP1 and ALS3 which are responsible for the regulation of Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway -the pathway that contribute for C. albicans’ pathogenesis. Interestingly, the up-regulation of TUP1 (a gene responsible for farnesol-mediated hyphal inhibition) during catechol exposure strengthen the speculation of catechol triggered farnesol-mediated hyphal inhibition. Furthermore, catechol profusely enhanced the fungicidal efficacy of certain known antifungal agent’s viz., azoles (ketoconazole and miconazole) and polyenes (amphotericin-B and nystatin).

ACS Style

Jothi Ravi; Sangavi Ravichellam; Kumar Ponnuchamy; Karutha Pandian Shunmugiah; Gowrishankar Shanmugaraj. Catechol, a Natural Allelochemical Thwarts Virulent Dimorphism in Candida Albicans and Potentiates the Antifungal Efficacy of Azoles and Polyenes. 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Jothi Ravi, Sangavi Ravichellam, Kumar Ponnuchamy, Karutha Pandian Shunmugiah, Gowrishankar Shanmugaraj. Catechol, a Natural Allelochemical Thwarts Virulent Dimorphism in Candida Albicans and Potentiates the Antifungal Efficacy of Azoles and Polyenes. . 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jothi Ravi; Sangavi Ravichellam; Kumar Ponnuchamy; Karutha Pandian Shunmugiah; Gowrishankar Shanmugaraj. 2021. "Catechol, a Natural Allelochemical Thwarts Virulent Dimorphism in Candida Albicans and Potentiates the Antifungal Efficacy of Azoles and Polyenes." , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2021 in Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
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SARS-CoV-2, an etiological agent of COVID-19, has been the reason for the unexpected global pandemic, causing severe mortality and imposing devastative effects on public health. Despite extensive research work put forward by scientist around globe, so far, no suitable drug or vaccine (safe, affordable, and efficacious) has been identified to treat SARS-CoV-2. As an alternative way of improvising the COVID-19 treatment strategy, that is, strengthening of host immune system, a great deal of attention has been given to phytocompounds from medicinal herbs worldwide. In a similar fashion, the present study deliberately focuses on the phytochemicals of three Indian herbal medicinal plants viz., Mentha arvensis, Coriandrum sativum, and Ocimum sanctum for their efficacy to target well-recognized viral receptor protein through molecular docking and dynamic analyses. Nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N) of SARS-CoV-2, being a pivotal player in replication, transcription, and viral genome assembly, has been recognized as one of the most attractive viral receptor protein targets for controlling the viral multiplication in the host. Out of 127 phytochemicals screened, nine (linarin, eudesmol, cadinene, geranyl acetate, alpha-thujene, germacrene A, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, kaempferide, and baicalin) were found to be phenomenal in terms of exhibiting high binding affinity toward the catalytic pocket of target N-protein. Further, the ADMET prediction analysis unveiled the non-tumorigenic, noncarcinogenic, nontoxic, non-mutagenic, and nonreproductive nature of the identified bioactive molecules. Furthermore, the data of molecular dynamic simulation validated the conformational and dynamic stability of the docked complexes. Concomitantly, the data of the present study validated the anti-COVID efficacy of the bioactives from selected medicinal plants of Indian origin.

ACS Style

Sankar Muthumanickam; Arumugam Kamaladevi; Pandi Boomi; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian. Indian Ethnomedicinal Phytochemicals as Promising Inhibitors of RNA-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein: An In Silico Study. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 2021, 8, 637329 .

AMA Style

Sankar Muthumanickam, Arumugam Kamaladevi, Pandi Boomi, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian. Indian Ethnomedicinal Phytochemicals as Promising Inhibitors of RNA-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein: An In Silico Study. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 2021; 8 ():637329.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sankar Muthumanickam; Arumugam Kamaladevi; Pandi Boomi; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian. 2021. "Indian Ethnomedicinal Phytochemicals as Promising Inhibitors of RNA-Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Phosphoprotein: An In Silico Study." Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 8, no. : 637329.

Book chapter
Published: 27 January 2021 in Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science
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Engineering nucleases to achieve targeted genome editing has turned out to be a revolutionary means for manipulating the genetic content in diversified living organisms. For targeted genome editing, till to date, only three engineered nucleases exist viz. zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator–like effector nucleases and RNA-mediated nucleases (RGNs) (Cas nucleases) from the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR). Among, Cas9 nuclease has been considered as a simplest tool for efficient modification of endogenous genes in an extensive stretch of organisms, owing to its amenability to design guide RNA compatible to the sequence of new targets. Moreover, CRISPR/Cas system delivers a multipurpose RNA-guided DNA-targeting platform called as CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), as well as epigenetic modifications and high throughput screening in diverse organism including bacteria, all in a sequence explicit way. With these entire advancements, the present chapter illustrates the deployment of CRISPR/Cas9 in bacterial genome editing and removal of pathogens.

ACS Style

Ravi Jothi; Chandrasekar Karthika; Arumugam Kamaladevi; Lakkakula Satish; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar. CRISPR based bacterial genome editing and removal of pathogens. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 2021, 179, 77 -92.

AMA Style

Ravi Jothi, Chandrasekar Karthika, Arumugam Kamaladevi, Lakkakula Satish, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar. CRISPR based bacterial genome editing and removal of pathogens. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science. 2021; 179 ():77-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ravi Jothi; Chandrasekar Karthika; Arumugam Kamaladevi; Lakkakula Satish; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar. 2021. "CRISPR based bacterial genome editing and removal of pathogens." Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 179, no. : 77-92.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2021 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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COVID-19, the presently prevailing global public health emergency has culminated in international instability in economy. This unprecedented pandemic outbreak pressingly necessitated the trans-disciplinary approach in developing novel/new anti-COVID-19 drugs especially, small molecule inhibitors targeting the seminal proteins of viral etiological agent, SARS-CoV-2. Based on the traditional medicinal knowledge, we made an attempt through molecular docking analysis to explore the phytochemical constituents of three most commonly used Indian herbs in ‘steam inhalation therapy’ against well recognized viral receptor proteins. A total of 57 phytochemicals were scrutinized virtually against four structural protein targets of SARS-CoV-2 viz. 3CLpro, ACE-2, spike glycoprotein and RdRp. Providentially, two bioactives from each of the three plants i.e. apigenin-o-7-glucuronide and ellagic acid from Eucalyptus globulus; eudesmol and viridiflorene from Vitex negundo and; vasicolinone and anisotine from Justicia adhatoda were identified to be the best hit lead molecules based on interaction energies, conventional hydrogen bonding numbers and other non-covalent interactions. On comparison with the known SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor –lopinavir and RdRp inhibitor –remdesivir, apigenin-o-7-glucuronide was found to be a phenomenal inhibitor of both protease and polymerase, as it strongly interacts with their active sites and exhibited remarkably high binding affinity. Furthermore, in silico drug-likeness and ADMET prediction analyses clearly evidenced the usability of the identified bioactives to develop as drug against COVID-19. Overall, the data of the present study exemplifies that the phytochemicals from selected traditional herbs having significance in steam inhalation therapy would be promising in combating COVID-19.

ACS Style

Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Sankar Muthumanickam; Arumugam Kamaladevi; Chandrasekar Karthika; Ravi Jothi; Pandi Boomi; Dharuman Maniazhagu; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian. Promising phytochemicals of traditional Indian herbal steam inhalation therapy to combat COVID-19 – An in silico study. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2021, 148, 111966 -111966.

AMA Style

Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Sankar Muthumanickam, Arumugam Kamaladevi, Chandrasekar Karthika, Ravi Jothi, Pandi Boomi, Dharuman Maniazhagu, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian. Promising phytochemicals of traditional Indian herbal steam inhalation therapy to combat COVID-19 – An in silico study. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2021; 148 ():111966-111966.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Sankar Muthumanickam; Arumugam Kamaladevi; Chandrasekar Karthika; Ravi Jothi; Pandi Boomi; Dharuman Maniazhagu; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian. 2021. "Promising phytochemicals of traditional Indian herbal steam inhalation therapy to combat COVID-19 – An in silico study." Food and Chemical Toxicology 148, no. : 111966-111966.

Review
Published: 29 November 2019 in Processes
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Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) are common human pathogens belonging to the subfamily alpha-herpesvirinae that trigger severe infections in neonates and immunocompromised patients. After primary infection, the HSVs establish a lifelong latent infection in the vegetative neural ganglia of their hosts. HSV infections contribute to substantial disease burden in humans as well as in newborns. Despite a fair number of drugs being available for the treatment of HSV infections, new, effective, and safe antiviral agents, exerting different mechanisms of action, are urgently required, mainly due to the increasing number of resistant strains. Accumulating pieces of evidence have suggested that structurally diverse compounds from marine algae possess promising anti-HSV potentials. Several studies have documented a variety of algal polysaccharides possessing anti-HSV activity, including carrageenan and fucan. This review aimed to compile previous anti-HSV studies on marine algae–derived compounds, especially sulfated polysaccharides, along with their mode of action, toward their development as novel natural anti-HSV agents for future investigations.

ACS Style

Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally; Devina Lobine; Kannan R. R. Rengasamy; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Devesh Tewari; Gokhan Zengin; Doo Hwan Kim; Iyyakkannu Sivanesan. Marine Algae: A Potential Resource of Anti-HSV Molecules. Processes 2019, 7, 887 .

AMA Style

Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally, Devina Lobine, Kannan R. R. Rengasamy, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Devesh Tewari, Gokhan Zengin, Doo Hwan Kim, Iyyakkannu Sivanesan. Marine Algae: A Potential Resource of Anti-HSV Molecules. Processes. 2019; 7 (12):887.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally; Devina Lobine; Kannan R. R. Rengasamy; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Devesh Tewari; Gokhan Zengin; Doo Hwan Kim; Iyyakkannu Sivanesan. 2019. "Marine Algae: A Potential Resource of Anti-HSV Molecules." Processes 7, no. 12: 887.

Journal article
Published: 14 March 2019 in Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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Poly (ether imide) [PEI] ultrafiltration membranes are coated by polydopamine (PD) and immobilized with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to improve the permeation, contaminant separation and anti-fouling properties. The tailored membranes displayed enhanced permeability (97.2 Lm-2 h-1), hydraulic resistance (13.8 kPa/Lm-2 h-1), average roughness (43 nm), contaminant rejection (>97%) with a higher flux recovery ratio (>95%). PEI/PD/Ag membranes showed anti-biofouling property against gram negative and gram positive bacteria and facilitated the separation of toxic contaminants. The outstanding stability of PD coating and the presence of AgNPs offer effective and safe water separation.

ACS Style

Meenakshi Sundaram Sri Abirami Saraswathi; Dipak Rana; Subbiah Alwarappan; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Prabu Vijayakumar; Alagumalai Nagendran. Polydopamine layered poly (ether imide) ultrafiltration membranes tailored with silver nanoparticles designed for better permeability, selectivity and antifouling. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 2019, 76, 141 -149.

AMA Style

Meenakshi Sundaram Sri Abirami Saraswathi, Dipak Rana, Subbiah Alwarappan, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Prabu Vijayakumar, Alagumalai Nagendran. Polydopamine layered poly (ether imide) ultrafiltration membranes tailored with silver nanoparticles designed for better permeability, selectivity and antifouling. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 2019; 76 ():141-149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meenakshi Sundaram Sri Abirami Saraswathi; Dipak Rana; Subbiah Alwarappan; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Prabu Vijayakumar; Alagumalai Nagendran. 2019. "Polydopamine layered poly (ether imide) ultrafiltration membranes tailored with silver nanoparticles designed for better permeability, selectivity and antifouling." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 76, no. : 141-149.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2019 in Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology
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ACS Style

Ramakrishnan Rameshkumar; Subramani Pandian; Periyasamy Rathinapriya; Chinnar Tamil Selvi; Lakkakula Satish; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; David W.M. Leung; Manikandan Ramesh. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Nilgirianthus ciliatus populations using ISSR and RAPD markers: Implications for conservation of an endemic and vulnerable medicinal plant. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2019, 18, 1 .

AMA Style

Ramakrishnan Rameshkumar, Subramani Pandian, Periyasamy Rathinapriya, Chinnar Tamil Selvi, Lakkakula Satish, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, David W.M. Leung, Manikandan Ramesh. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Nilgirianthus ciliatus populations using ISSR and RAPD markers: Implications for conservation of an endemic and vulnerable medicinal plant. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2019; 18 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramakrishnan Rameshkumar; Subramani Pandian; Periyasamy Rathinapriya; Chinnar Tamil Selvi; Lakkakula Satish; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; David W.M. Leung; Manikandan Ramesh. 2019. "Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Nilgirianthus ciliatus populations using ISSR and RAPD markers: Implications for conservation of an endemic and vulnerable medicinal plant." Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 18, no. : 1.

Paper
Published: 05 February 2019 in New Journal of Chemistry
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Schematic representation of the surface modification of cellulose acetate membranes with self-polymerized dopamine and in situ immobilization of AgNPs.

ACS Style

Meenakshi Sundaram Sri Abirami Saraswathi; Dipak Rana; Subbiah Alwarappan; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Paramasivam Kanimozhi; Alagumalai Nagendran. Cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes customized with bio-inspired polydopamine coating and in situ immobilization of silver nanoparticles. New Journal of Chemistry 2019, 43, 4216 -4225.

AMA Style

Meenakshi Sundaram Sri Abirami Saraswathi, Dipak Rana, Subbiah Alwarappan, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Paramasivam Kanimozhi, Alagumalai Nagendran. Cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes customized with bio-inspired polydopamine coating and in situ immobilization of silver nanoparticles. New Journal of Chemistry. 2019; 43 (10):4216-4225.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meenakshi Sundaram Sri Abirami Saraswathi; Dipak Rana; Subbiah Alwarappan; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Paramasivam Kanimozhi; Alagumalai Nagendran. 2019. "Cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membranes customized with bio-inspired polydopamine coating and in situ immobilization of silver nanoparticles." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 10: 4216-4225.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2019 in Pathogens and Disease
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ACS Style

Durairajan Rubini; Sanaulla Farisa Banu; Prabha Subramani; B Narayanan Vedha Hari; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Aruni Wilson; Paramasivam Nithyanand. Extracted chitosan disrupts quorum sensing mediated virulence factors in Urinary tract infection causing pathogens. Pathogens and Disease 2019, 77, 1 .

AMA Style

Durairajan Rubini, Sanaulla Farisa Banu, Prabha Subramani, B Narayanan Vedha Hari, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Aruni Wilson, Paramasivam Nithyanand. Extracted chitosan disrupts quorum sensing mediated virulence factors in Urinary tract infection causing pathogens. Pathogens and Disease. 2019; 77 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Durairajan Rubini; Sanaulla Farisa Banu; Prabha Subramani; B Narayanan Vedha Hari; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Aruni Wilson; Paramasivam Nithyanand. 2019. "Extracted chitosan disrupts quorum sensing mediated virulence factors in Urinary tract infection causing pathogens." Pathogens and Disease 77, no. 1: 1.

Journal article
Published: 23 January 2019 in Microbial Pathogenesis
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Ya-Samarn-Phlae (YaSP) is a traditional Thai polyherbal formula for the treatment of chronic wounds. Although its ethanol extract has been proven to possess several wound-related biological activities, there is no scientific information available for the infused oil of YaSP, which is its traditionally prepared form. This present study therefore aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different infused oils obtained from either fresh or oven-dried herbal parts of YaSP (F-YaSP and D-YaSP) against biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which reside in chronic wounds. Its main active herbal component, Garcinia mangostana (F-GM and D-GM), as well as α-mangostin were also tested in this study. All infused oils significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa with a percentage of reduction ranging from 50 to 90%. Visualization of the inhibition of biofilm development was confirmed using scanning electron and atomic force microscopes. All tested agents resulted in a reduction in the mean average roughness of the biofilm, whereas only treating with D-YaSP, D-GM, and α-mangostin led to a decrease in both peak height and peak-valley height. MTT reduction assays revealed that the metabolic activity of P. aeruginosa mature biofilms decreased considerably up to 50% after only 3 h of incubation and after only 9 h of exposure to D-YaSP. Confocal laser scanning micrographs illustrated that a maximum biofilm eradication was found when treated with the extracts for 3 h, whereas the biomass, the average thickness, maximum thickness, and the surface to volume ratio of the treated biofilm was reduced after up to 18 h of contact time. It can be concluded that D-YaSP can effectively inhibit biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilms of P. aeruginosa. It should be noted that G. mangostana and α-mangostin contribute in YaSP as principle active agents for anti-biofilm efficacy.

ACS Style

Julalak Chokpaisarn; Kanyatorn Yincharoen; Sineenart Sanpinit; Shunmugiah Thevar Karutha Pandian; Janarthanam Rathna Nandhini; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Surasak Limsuwan; Nongluk Kunworarath; Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai; Sasitorn Chusri. Effects of a traditional Thai polyherbal medicine ‘Ya-Samarn-Phlae’ as a natural anti-biofilm agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbial Pathogenesis 2019, 128, 354 -362.

AMA Style

Julalak Chokpaisarn, Kanyatorn Yincharoen, Sineenart Sanpinit, Shunmugiah Thevar Karutha Pandian, Janarthanam Rathna Nandhini, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Surasak Limsuwan, Nongluk Kunworarath, Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai, Sasitorn Chusri. Effects of a traditional Thai polyherbal medicine ‘Ya-Samarn-Phlae’ as a natural anti-biofilm agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2019; 128 ():354-362.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Julalak Chokpaisarn; Kanyatorn Yincharoen; Sineenart Sanpinit; Shunmugiah Thevar Karutha Pandian; Janarthanam Rathna Nandhini; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Surasak Limsuwan; Nongluk Kunworarath; Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai; Sasitorn Chusri. 2019. "Effects of a traditional Thai polyherbal medicine ‘Ya-Samarn-Phlae’ as a natural anti-biofilm agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Microbial Pathogenesis 128, no. : 354-362.

Journal article
Published: 09 November 2018 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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In the current study, the anti-QS efficacy of cyclic dipeptide -cyclo(L-leucyl-L-prolyl) (CLP) of marine origin was explored against S. marcescens. Minimal -inhibitory (MIC) and –bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of CLP against both reference and a clinical isolate of S. marcescens was identified to be 200 and 400 μg/mL, respectively. CLP proficiently inhibited the QS controlled prodigiosin production in S. marcescens, which affirm its anti-QS efficacy towards S. marcescens. At sub-MICs (100 μg/mL), CLP exhibited a phenomenal inhibitory propensity towards the production of virulence traits viz. biofilm, exopolymeric substance, protease and lipase to the level of 81, 77, 71 and 92%, respectively. Further, the confocal and scanning electron microscopic analyses validated the antibiofilm efficacy of CLP. Besides, CLP effectively modified the hydrophobic and motility characteristics of S. marcescens. Furthermore, the in vivo assay using C. elegans revealed the non-toxic and anti-adherence propensity of CLP. Concomitantly, the down regulation of QS controlled virulence genes (unveiled through qPCR analysis) are in accordance with the data of phenotypic and in vivo assays. Therefore, this study exemplifies CLP could plausibly be a convincing alternative over conventional antibiotics in preventing the QS associated pathogenesis of uropathogens.

ACS Style

Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Boopathi Balasubramaniam; Krishnaswamy Balamurugan. Quorum quelling efficacy of marine cyclic dipeptide -cyclo(L-leucyl-L-prolyl) against the uropathogen Serratia marcescens. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2018, 123, 326 -336.

AMA Style

Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Boopathi Balasubramaniam, Krishnaswamy Balamurugan. Quorum quelling efficacy of marine cyclic dipeptide -cyclo(L-leucyl-L-prolyl) against the uropathogen Serratia marcescens. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018; 123 ():326-336.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Boopathi Balasubramaniam; Krishnaswamy Balamurugan. 2018. "Quorum quelling efficacy of marine cyclic dipeptide -cyclo(L-leucyl-L-prolyl) against the uropathogen Serratia marcescens." Food and Chemical Toxicology 123, no. : 326-336.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2018 in Industrial Crops and Products
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There is a lot of market for squalene (C30H50) for industrial and therapeutic applications such as oil, biofuel, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Squalene was used to be derived from liver oil of sharks and whales, but a sustainable alternative source such as plants is needed. An ayurvedic plant, Nilgirianthus ciliatus, was found to contain a limited amount of squalene. This study hypothesizes that squalene content in callus culture of N. ciliatus could produce an increased level of squalene. For efficient callus induction, various parameters such as explants, plant growth regulators, light and dark conditions were optimized. Leaf produced the highest frequency of callus induction (89.5%) with 2.3 fold enhanced squalene production on MS medium containing 4.0 mg l−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.4 mg l−1 benzyladenine. The wild and in vitro tissues were evaluated for metabolic profiles using GC–MS and antioxidant properties. The leaf callus exhibited increased level of total phenolic, flavonoid and squalene contents which confers the highest level of antioxidant (IC50 = 88.8 μg ml−1) activity compared to wild explants. The GC–MS profiles of wild and callus tissues showed twelve compounds, in which squalene was 9.3% in wild and 21.4% in callus. Yield of squalene was found to be 70.9 μg g−1 (dry weight) DW and 146.3 μg g-1 DW for wild and callus tissues, respectively. Furthermore, FT-IR analysis also confirmed the presence and increased level of squalene in callus compared to that of wild. This callus could be an ideal source for mass squalene production without depleting natural sources and simultaneously fulfilling the pharmacological demands.

ACS Style

Ramakrishnan Rameshkumar; Lakkakula Satish; Subramani Pandian; Periyasamy Rathinapriya; Arokiam Sagina Rency; Gowrishankar Shanmugaraj; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; David W.M. Leung; Manikandan Ramesh. Production of squalene with promising antioxidant properties in callus cultures of Nilgirianthus ciliatus. Industrial Crops and Products 2018, 126, 357 -367.

AMA Style

Ramakrishnan Rameshkumar, Lakkakula Satish, Subramani Pandian, Periyasamy Rathinapriya, Arokiam Sagina Rency, Gowrishankar Shanmugaraj, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, David W.M. Leung, Manikandan Ramesh. Production of squalene with promising antioxidant properties in callus cultures of Nilgirianthus ciliatus. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018; 126 ():357-367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramakrishnan Rameshkumar; Lakkakula Satish; Subramani Pandian; Periyasamy Rathinapriya; Arokiam Sagina Rency; Gowrishankar Shanmugaraj; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; David W.M. Leung; Manikandan Ramesh. 2018. "Production of squalene with promising antioxidant properties in callus cultures of Nilgirianthus ciliatus." Industrial Crops and Products 126, no. : 357-367.

Review article
Published: 28 September 2018 in Pharmacology & Therapeutics
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Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds which are included in a panoply of drugs and used to treat and/or manage human ailments such as metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological disorders and cancer. Thus, the purpose of this review is to emphasize the importance of flavonoids for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and put into the limelight of the scientific community several health-promoting effects of flavonoids which could be beneficial for the development of novel drugs from natural products. Despite available reviews on flavonoids targeting various disease conditions, a comprehensive review of flavonoids for autoimmune diseases is still lacking. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to review the potential of flavonoids for autoimmune diseases. The structure-activity relationship of flavonoids in this review revealed that the rearrangement and introduction of other functional groups into the basic skeleton of flavonoids might lead to the development of new drugs which will be helpful in relieving the painful symptoms of various autoimmune diseases.

ACS Style

Kannan R.R. Rengasamy; Haroon Khan; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Ricardo Lagoa; Fawzi M. Mahomoodally; Ziyad Khan; Shanoo Suroowan; Devesh Tewari; Gokhan Zengin; Sherif T.S. Hassan; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian. The role of flavonoids in autoimmune diseases: Therapeutic updates. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2018, 194, 107 -131.

AMA Style

Kannan R.R. Rengasamy, Haroon Khan, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Ricardo Lagoa, Fawzi M. Mahomoodally, Ziyad Khan, Shanoo Suroowan, Devesh Tewari, Gokhan Zengin, Sherif T.S. Hassan, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian. The role of flavonoids in autoimmune diseases: Therapeutic updates. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2018; 194 ():107-131.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kannan R.R. Rengasamy; Haroon Khan; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Ricardo Lagoa; Fawzi M. Mahomoodally; Ziyad Khan; Shanoo Suroowan; Devesh Tewari; Gokhan Zengin; Sherif T.S. Hassan; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian. 2018. "The role of flavonoids in autoimmune diseases: Therapeutic updates." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 194, no. : 107-131.

Journal article
Published: 27 September 2018 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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Tanshinone IIA is one of the most predominant bioactive constituents of Danshen, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with multiple cardiovascular protective actions. Although Tanshinone IIA has been well documented for its endothelial protective efficacy, studies unveiling the mechanism and/or molecular targets for its pharmacological activity are still inadequate. In recent studies, it has been envisaged that the expression of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) was associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ACVD). Therefore, the current study was designed to evaluate the possible role of Tanshinone IIA in influencing the expression of PTX3 in endothelial cells and thereby prevents endothelial dysfunction. Molecular analyses through real-time PCR, western blot, and ELISA revealed that Tanshinone IIA down-regulates PTX3 gene expression as well as protein secretion in human endothelial cells in the presence or absence of TNF-α. Besides, Tanshinone IIA inhibits the adhesion of THP1 cells (a monocytic cell line) to activated-endothelial cells stimulated with TNF-α. Furthermore, mechanistic studies uncovered the role of p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway in Tanshinone II-A mediated pharmacological effects. Thus, the present study exemplifies the manifestation of Tanshinone IIA as a plausible alternative natural remedy for ACVD by targeting PTX3.

ACS Style

Jian Fang; Qiuyan Chen; Baozhu He; Jiaxuan Cai; Yawen Yao; Yi Cai; Suowen Xu; Kannan R.R. Rengasamy; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Tiansheng Cao. Tanshinone IIA attenuates TNF-α induced PTX3 expression and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells through the p38/NF-κB pathway. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2018, 121, 622 -630.

AMA Style

Jian Fang, Qiuyan Chen, Baozhu He, Jiaxuan Cai, Yawen Yao, Yi Cai, Suowen Xu, Kannan R.R. Rengasamy, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Tiansheng Cao. Tanshinone IIA attenuates TNF-α induced PTX3 expression and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells through the p38/NF-κB pathway. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018; 121 ():622-630.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jian Fang; Qiuyan Chen; Baozhu He; Jiaxuan Cai; Yawen Yao; Yi Cai; Suowen Xu; Kannan R.R. Rengasamy; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Tiansheng Cao. 2018. "Tanshinone IIA attenuates TNF-α induced PTX3 expression and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells through the p38/NF-κB pathway." Food and Chemical Toxicology 121, no. : 622-630.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in LWT
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Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a predominant aquaculture pathogen causing food borne infections through the consumption of raw or undercooked sea foods. Biofilm formation and quorum sensing mediated virulence factors play a pivotal role in mediating these infections. The present study evaluates the antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing potential of an unexplored essential oil (EO) and its major compounds (cinnamaldehyde and linalool) against V. parahaemolyticus. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of the EO along with a commercial available DNase I and marine bacterial DNase (MBD) were explored for its antibiofilm efficacy. In addition, the food preservative efficacy of linalool and cinnamaldehyde were evaluated in prawns (a sea-food model) infected with V. parahaemolyticus stored at 28 °C and 4 °C. The treated prawns showed reduced bacterial load and exhibited minimum lipid peroxidation. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the intact muscle tissues of the treated samples which indicate that the EO components did not damage the prawn tissues. The results revealed that the individual EO components has good efficacy equal to that of the standard food preservative sodium benzoate. This study shows that the synergistic action of EO and DNases might offer an alternate strategy for sea food preservation.

ACS Style

Sanaulla Farisa Banu; Durairajan Rubini; Ramar Murugan; Vellingiri Vadivel; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Paramasivam Nithyanand. Exploring the antivirulent and sea food preservation efficacy of essential oil combined with DNase on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. LWT 2018, 95, 107 -115.

AMA Style

Sanaulla Farisa Banu, Durairajan Rubini, Ramar Murugan, Vellingiri Vadivel, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Paramasivam Nithyanand. Exploring the antivirulent and sea food preservation efficacy of essential oil combined with DNase on Vibrio parahaemolyticus. LWT. 2018; 95 ():107-115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sanaulla Farisa Banu; Durairajan Rubini; Ramar Murugan; Vellingiri Vadivel; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Paramasivam Nithyanand. 2018. "Exploring the antivirulent and sea food preservation efficacy of essential oil combined with DNase on Vibrio parahaemolyticus." LWT 95, no. : 107-115.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2018 in Journal of Clinical Medicine
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The current study explores the antimycobacterial efficacy of lichen-derived psoromic acid (PA) against clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Additionally, the inhibitory efficacy of PA against two critical enzymes associated with M.tb, namely, UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) and arylamine-N-acetyltransferase (TBNAT), as drug targets for antituberculosis therapy were determined. PA showed a profound inhibitory effect towards all the M.tb strains tested, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 3.2 and 4.1 µM, and selectivity indices (SIs) ranging between 18.3 and 23.4. On the other hand, the standard drug isoniazid (INH) displayed comparably high MIC values (varying from 5.4 to 5.8 µM) as well as low SI values (13.0–13.9). Interestingly, PA did not exhibit any cytotoxic effects on a human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line even at the highest concentration tested (75 µM). PA demonstrated remarkable suppressing propensity against UGM compared to standard uridine-5'-diphosphate (UDP), with 85.8 and 99.3% of inhibition, respectively. In addition, PA also exerted phenomenal inhibitory efficacy (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value = 8.7 µM, and 77.4% inhibition) against TBNAT compared with standard INH (IC50 value = 6.2 µM and 96.3% inhibition). Furthermore, in silico analysis validated the outcomes of in vitro assays, as the molecular interactions of PA with the active sites of UGM and TBNAT were unveiled using molecular docking and structure–activity relationship studies. Concomitantly, our findings present PA as an effective and safe natural drug plausible for use in controlling tuberculosis infections.

ACS Style

Sherif T. S. Hassan; Miroslava Šudomová; Kateřina Berchová-Bímová; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Kannan R. R. Rengasamy. Antimycobacterial, Enzyme Inhibition, and Molecular Interaction Studies of Psoromic Acid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Efficacy and Safety Investigations. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2018, 7, 226 .

AMA Style

Sherif T. S. Hassan, Miroslava Šudomová, Kateřina Berchová-Bímová, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Kannan R. R. Rengasamy. Antimycobacterial, Enzyme Inhibition, and Molecular Interaction Studies of Psoromic Acid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Efficacy and Safety Investigations. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2018; 7 (8):226.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sherif T. S. Hassan; Miroslava Šudomová; Kateřina Berchová-Bímová; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Kannan R. R. Rengasamy. 2018. "Antimycobacterial, Enzyme Inhibition, and Molecular Interaction Studies of Psoromic Acid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Efficacy and Safety Investigations." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 8: 226.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Food and Chemical Toxicology
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Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of biofilm-associated and indwelling device related infections. The present study explores the anti-virulent and antibiofilm potency of chitosan extracted from the shells of the marine crab Portunus sanguinolentus against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The chemical characterization results revealed that the extracted chitosan (EC) has structural analogy to that of a commercial chitosan (CC). The extracted chitosan was found to be effective in reducing the staphyloxanthin pigment, a characteristic virulence feature of MRSA that promotes resistance to reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) revealed that EC exhibited a phenomenal dose dependent antibiofilm efficacy against mature biofilms of the standard as well as clinical MRSA strains and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed EC had a higher efficacy in disrupting the thick Exopolysaccharide (EPS) layer than CC. Additionally, EC and CC did not have any cytotoxic effects when tested on lung epithelial cell lines. Thus, the study exemplifies the anti-virulent properties of a marine bioresource which is till date discarded as a biowaste.

ACS Style

Durairajan Rubini; Sanaulla Farisa Banu; B. Narayanan Veda Hari; Durai Ramya Devi; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Paramasivam Nithyanand. Chitosan extracted from marine biowaste mitigates staphyloxanthin production and biofilms of Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2018, 118, 733 -744.

AMA Style

Durairajan Rubini, Sanaulla Farisa Banu, B. Narayanan Veda Hari, Durai Ramya Devi, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Paramasivam Nithyanand. Chitosan extracted from marine biowaste mitigates staphyloxanthin production and biofilms of Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2018; 118 ():733-744.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Durairajan Rubini; Sanaulla Farisa Banu; B. Narayanan Veda Hari; Durai Ramya Devi; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Paramasivam Nithyanand. 2018. "Chitosan extracted from marine biowaste mitigates staphyloxanthin production and biofilms of Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Food and Chemical Toxicology 118, no. : 733-744.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Journal de Mycologie Médicale
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The prevalence and fatality rates with biofilm-associated candidal infections have remained a challenge to the medical fraternity despite major advances in the field of antifungal therapy. Traditionally, essential oils (EOs) from the aromatic plants have been found to be excellent therapeutic agents to treat fungal ailments. The present study explores the antivirulent and antibiofilm effects of under explored leaf EOs of Indian patchouli EO extracted from Pogostemon heyneanus (PH), Indian cassia from Cinnamomum tamala (CT) and camphor EO from C. camphora (CC) against Candida species. The EOs were investigated for its efficacy to disrupt the young and preformed Candida spp. biofilms and to inhibit the yeast to hyphal transition, a hallmark virulent trait of C. albicans. The ability of these EOs to inhibit metabolically active cells was assessed through XTT assay. Of these three EOs, CT EO showed enhanced biofilm inhibition than others and hence it was further selected to study its biomass inhibition potential and exopolysaccharide layer disruption ability. The CT EO reduced the biomass of the preformed biofilms of all three Candida strains, which was supported by confocal microscopy. It also disrupted the exopolysaccharide layer of the Candida strains as shown by scanning electron microscopy. The present findings validate the effectiveness of EOs against the virulence of Candida spp. and emphasize the pharmaceutical potential of several native but yet unexplored wild aromatic plants in the prospect of therapeutic application.

ACS Style

S. Farisa Banu; D. Rubini; P. Shanmugavelan; R. Murugan; S. Gowrishankar; S. Karutha Pandian; P. Nithyanand. Effects of patchouli and cinnamon essential oils on biofilm and hyphae formation by Candida species. Journal de Mycologie Médicale 2018, 28, 332 -339.

AMA Style

S. Farisa Banu, D. Rubini, P. Shanmugavelan, R. Murugan, S. Gowrishankar, S. Karutha Pandian, P. Nithyanand. Effects of patchouli and cinnamon essential oils on biofilm and hyphae formation by Candida species. Journal de Mycologie Médicale. 2018; 28 (2):332-339.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Farisa Banu; D. Rubini; P. Shanmugavelan; R. Murugan; S. Gowrishankar; S. Karutha Pandian; P. Nithyanand. 2018. "Effects of patchouli and cinnamon essential oils on biofilm and hyphae formation by Candida species." Journal de Mycologie Médicale 28, no. 2: 332-339.

Research article
Published: 30 September 2017 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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The present study explores the non-bactericidal anti-virulence efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Gelidiella acerosa against multi-drug resistant Vibrio spp. Spectral characterization of AgNPs was performed through UV-Visible, FT-IR, and energy-dispersive spectroscopic techniques followed by X-ray crystallography and zeta potential analysis. Further, the structural characterization was done by electron and atomic force microscopic techniques. AgNPs profoundly quelled the quorum sensing mediated violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum and CV026. Characterized AgNPs at 100 μg mL−1 concentrations depicted a phenomenal anti-biofilm efficacy against Vibrio parahaemolyticus (71%) and Vibrio vulnificus (83%) biofilms, which was further confirmed through light, confocal, and scanning electron microscopic analyses. In vitro bioassays revealed the remarkable inhibitory values of AgNPs, by inhibiting the exopolysaccharide production, hydrophobicity, and motility. In vivo studies using Artemia franciscana larvae also confirmed the anti-infective proficiency, as the AgNPs effectively reduced the bacterial colonization and enhanced the survival rate of larvae up to 100% without any toxicity effect.

ACS Style

Lakkakula Satish; Sivasubramanian Santhakumari; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Arumugam Veera Ravi; Manikandan Ramesh. Rapid biosynthesized AgNPs from Gelidiella acerosa aqueous extract mitigates quorum sensing mediated biofilm formation of Vibrio species—an in vitro and in vivo approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2017, 24, 27254 -27268.

AMA Style

Lakkakula Satish, Sivasubramanian Santhakumari, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Arumugam Veera Ravi, Manikandan Ramesh. Rapid biosynthesized AgNPs from Gelidiella acerosa aqueous extract mitigates quorum sensing mediated biofilm formation of Vibrio species—an in vitro and in vivo approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2017; 24 (35):27254-27268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lakkakula Satish; Sivasubramanian Santhakumari; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Arumugam Veera Ravi; Manikandan Ramesh. 2017. "Rapid biosynthesized AgNPs from Gelidiella acerosa aqueous extract mitigates quorum sensing mediated biofilm formation of Vibrio species—an in vitro and in vivo approach." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 35: 27254-27268.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Microbial Pathogenesis
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a leading human pathogen responsible for causing chronic clinical manifestation worldwide. In addition to antibiotic resistance genes viz. mecA and vanA, biofilm formation plays a prominent role in the pathogenicity of S. aureus by enhancing its resistance to existing antibiotics. Considering the role of folk medicinal plants in the betterment of human health from the waves of multidrug resistant bacterial infections, the present study was intended to explore the effect of Vetiveria zizanioides root on the biofilm formation of MRSA and its clinical counterparts. V. zizanioides root extract (VREX) showed a concentration-dependent reduction in biofilm formation without hampering the cellular viability of the tested strains. Micrographs of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) portrayed the devastating impact of VREX on biofilm formation. In addition to antibiofilm activity, VREX suppresses the production of biofilm related phenotypes such as exopolysaccharide, slime and α-hemolysin toxin. Furthermore, variation in FT-IR spectra evidenced the difference in cellular factors of untreated and VREX treated samples. Result of mature biofilm disruption assay and down regulation of genes like fnbA, fnbB, clfA suggested that VREX targets these adhesin genes responsible for initial adherence. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of sesquiterpenes as a major constituent in VREX. Thus, the data of present study strengthen the ethnobotanical value of V. zizanioides and concludes that VREX contain bioactive molecules that have beneficial effect over the biofilm formation of MRSA and its clinical isolates.

ACS Style

Arunachalam Kannappan; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Ramanathan Srinivasan; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Arumugam Veera Ravi. Antibiofilm activity of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbial Pathogenesis 2017, 110, 313 -324.

AMA Style

Arunachalam Kannappan, Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar, Ramanathan Srinivasan, Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Arumugam Veera Ravi. Antibiofilm activity of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2017; 110 ():313-324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arunachalam Kannappan; Shanmugaraj Gowrishankar; Ramanathan Srinivasan; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian; Arumugam Veera Ravi. 2017. "Antibiofilm activity of Vetiveria zizanioides root extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus." Microbial Pathogenesis 110, no. : 313-324.