The biogenesis of silver nanoparticles by fungi is an ecologically clean and nontoxic method compared to other physical and chemical methods. Thus, we aimed to discuss the mycosynthesis of extracellular size-controlled AgNPs. After comprehensive screening, Aspergillus fumigatus BTCB10 (KY486782) was selected for the synthesis of AgNPs of controlled size. Characterization was performed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Zetasizer, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) along with functional assays—antibacterial and MTT assays. Data suggested that under optimized conditions, i.e., temperature 25°C, AgNO₃ concentration 1 mM, biomass 7 g, fungal culture age 7 days, pH 6, ratio of cell-free filtrate (CFF)/silver nitrate (3 : 2), NaCl 20%, and under dark light, the smallest size AgNPs of 0.681 nm with 100% monodispersity was obtained as evident by a zeta potential of -23.4 mV, UV-Vis band at 400 nm, and the presence of O-H and C=O groups confirmed by ATR-FTIR; XRD revealed the crystalline nature of AgNPs; additionally, cube-shaped AgNPs were revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Moreover, synthesized AgNPs exhibited antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains, notably, Klebsiella pneumoniae BTCB04, Acinetobacter BTCB05, Pseudomonas aeruginosa BTCB01, and Escherichia coli BTCB03, while maximum 7-fold was observed with Acinetobacter BTCB05. AgNPs demonstrated no cytotoxic activity against HepG2 cells; however, in combination with cisplatin, antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects became more evident and significant in comparison to control and as single agent. Taken together, the data suggested that economical and smallest size AgNPs can be biosynthesized from Aspergillus fumigatus BTCB10 and be used as antibacterial and antiproliferative agents in combination with current drugs against clinically relevant multiple drug-resistant bacterial and tumoral cells. Further studies are required to confirm their effects employing in vivo disease models.

Mesenchymal stem cells hold the promise to treat not only several congenital and acquired bone degenerative diseases but also to repair and regenerate morbid bone tissues. Utilizing MSCs, several lines of evidences advocate promising clinical outcomes in skeletal diseases and skeletal tissue repair/regeneration. In this context, both, autologous and allogeneic cell transfer options have been utilized. Studies suggest that MSCs are transplanted either alone by mixing with autogenous plasma/serum or by loading onto repair/induction supportive resorb-able scaffolds. Thus, this review is aimed at highlighting a wide range of pertinent clinical therapeutic options of MSCs in the treatment of skeletal diseases and skeletal tissue regeneration. Additionally, in skeletal disease and regenerative sections, only the early and more recent preclinical evidences are discussed followed by all the pertinent clinical studies. Moreover, germane post transplant therapeutic mechanisms afforded by MSCs have also been conversed. Nonetheless, assertive use of MSCs in the clinic for skeletal disorders and repair is far from a mature therapeutic option, therefore, posed challenges and future directions are also discussed. Importantly, for uniformity at all instances, term MSCs is used throughout the review.

Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles is an area of interest among researchers because of its eco-friendly approach. Current study focuses at biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and optimization of physico-chemical conditions to obtain mono-dispersed and stable AgNPs having antimicrobial activity. Initially Bacillus mojavensis BTCB15 produced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of 105 nm. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized by particle size analyzer, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Whereas, under optimal conditions of temperature 55 °C, pH 8, addition of surfactant Tween 20, and metal ion K₂SO₄, about 104% size reduction was achieved with average size of 2.3nm. Molecular characterization revealed 98% sequence homology with Bacillus mojavensis. AgNPs exhibited antibacterial activity at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 µg/µl against Escherichia coli BTCB03, Klebsiella pneumonia BTCB04, Acinetobacter sp. BTCB05, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa BTCB01 but none against Staphylococcus aureus BTCB02. Highest antibacterial activity was observed at 0.27 µg/µl and lowest at 0.05 µg/µl of AgNPs indicated by zone of inhibition. Conclusively, under optimum conditions, Bacillus mojavensis BTCB15 was able to produce AgNPs of 2.3 nm size and had antibacterial activity against multi drug resistant pathogens.

In the current study the assessment of the antimicrobial and phytochemical properties of Cassia fistula, Musa paradisiaca, Ficus religiosa and Murraya koenigii plants extracts was carried out. The antibacterial potential of these plants extracts was tested against S. aureus and E. coli. The Cassia fistula and Ficus religiosa leaves showed the larger zone of inhibition in aqueous and butanolic extract respectively against Escherichia coli. Musa paradisiaca and Murraya koenigii leaves showed larger zone of inhibition in ethanolic extract against S. aureus. Qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, proteins and tannins in all extracts while phylobatannins, emodins, anthocyanins and leucoanthocyanins were not present in these extracts. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed the highest alkaloid content in the Murraya koenigii leaves. Highest tannin content and flavonoid content was found in Ficus religiosa leaves, while highest phenolic content was found in case of Cassia fistula. In addition to this antioxidant potential of all the extracts was determined. Musa paradisiaca leaves showed highest antioxidant potential as compared to other plant extracts. In silico analysis of bioactive components present in plant extracts was performed by molecular docking. The rutin and Glu from Musa paradisiaca and Murraya koenigii respectively, were docked with Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta (1GSK-3beta) protein. Quercetin and rutin from Cassia fistula and Ficus religiosa respectively, were docked with C- reactive protein (CRP). The tested bioactive compounds showed good binding affinity with significant number of hydrogen bonds and can be used as a good alternative of synthetic drugs to treat rheumatism and wounds.

Cellulases involved in the hydrolysis of cellulose and plays a vital role in different industries like textile, detergent paper and Feed industry. Cellulases have been a prospective target for research by both the academic and industrial sectors because of the intricacy of the enzyme system and the enormous industrial potential. In the present work Thermomyces dupontii, which had previously been isolated and recorded as a promising cellulase producer were used. Both endoglucanases and betaglucosidases were purified to its homogeneity by ammonium sulfate followed by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The recovery and purification fold for endoglucanases and betaglucosidases were 13.7, 10.7 % and 5.9, 2.7, respectively. The molecular weight of endoglucanases and betaglucosidases were estimated as 37 and 66 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Upon kinetic analysis the purified endoglucanases and betaglucosidases showed Km 0.63; 28.56 mg/ml and Vmax 82; 80 U/ml/min, respectively. Characterization revealed that enzyme was found to be acidophilic cellulase having optimal pH of 5.5 and 70 ⁰C. Furthermore, cellulases were accelerated in the presence of Ca²⁺ and EDTA. The cellulases had activation energy (Ea) of −44.55; −50.02 kJ/mol for carboxy-methyl-cellulose hydrolysis and Enthalpy (ΔH) 42.20; 47.70 kJ/mol and entropy ΔS −5.1 and −5.7 kJ/mol for EG and BGL, respectively. In addition to this the enzyme had a secondary structure of protein as represented by FTIR spectrum The current study suggested that purified cellulases can be used as a detergent additive to improve washing. Furthermore, it shows the biostoning ability when applied on jean fabric.