Recent academic contributions explore the integration of Digital Twins (DTs) within smart Product-Service System (sPSS). This integration aims to innovate business propositions, hardware and services. However, gaps persist in developing DT environments to support early-stage collaborative innovation for sPSS, and limited studies explore how real-time synchronized digital replicas enhance value co-creation in this area. This paper addresses this gap by presenting a framework and practical example of integrating value-driven decision support into early sPSS conceptual design. A case study on the development of the Smart Electric Vehicle (SEV) conducted with a global automotive Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) demonstrates the framework’s efficacy. Through qualitative data analyses based on experimental validation in a case company, the DT proves effective in aiding decision makers in selecting value-adding configurations within specific scenarios. Furthermore, the DT serves as a visual decision-making tool, fostering collaboration across diverse teams within the automotive company. This collaboration facilitates value creation across practitioners with varied backgrounds, emphasizing the DT’s role in enhancing early-stage innovation and co-creation processes in the sPSS domain.

Under the global trend of low-carbon transition, the sustainability and greenness of offshore oil and gas field (OOGF) extraction projects can no longer be ignored. Existing studies rarely evaluate the greenness of OOGF extraction projects, so this paper proposes a hybrid decision-making framework for the green plants of OOGF extraction projects. First, a comprehensive evaluation criteria system for offshore oil and gas field green plants (OOGFGPs) is innovatively constructed, including green energy utilization, green performance, economy, society, environment and risk. In addition, for the interacting evaluation criteria and the uncertainty of decision-making information, this paper adopts a spherical fuzzy decision-making test and evaluation laboratory (SF–DEMATEL) to calculate the weights of criteria. Ultimately, SF-based multi-attribute ideal-real comparative analysis (SF–MAIRCA) is proposed to evaluate the OOGFGPs. Taking the OOGF extraction projects in the Bohai Sea of China as an example, the proposed decision-making framework is verified to have good stability and applicability through validation analysis, sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis.

1. As a key paradigm driving the integration of digitalisation and servitisation in manufacturing, Smart Product-Service Systems (SPSS) inherently rely on multi-stakeholder collaboration to create ...