Sohn C, et al. Nutr Res Pract. 2012 Jun;6(3):246-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.3.246

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Inflammation is associated with chronic disease. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a predictor of chronic disease. The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is used to determine the overall inflammatory potential of diet. A cross-sectional analysis of Health Examinee cohort data (2012-2014) from Korea was performed. Subjects were 40-79 years of age (8,332 males; 19,754 females). The DII was used to analyze the relationship between subject characteristics, nutrient intake, and the hs-CRP. Additionally, the relationship between DII and hs-CRP as a predictor of chronic disease was examined. The DII was divided into 4 quartile: Q1 = -7.21 to -1.88 (median: -3.020), Q2 = -1.87 to -0.02 (median: -0.410), Q3 = -0.01 to 1.87 (median = 0.870) and Q4 = 1.88 to 7.34 (median = 3.040). For each group, the carbohydrate/protein/fat intake ratio was Q1 = 66.7:16.6:19.2, Q2 = 67.2:15.6:18.7, Q3 = 67.3:15.1:18.4 and Q4 = 67.3:14.0:17.9. The odds of elevated hs-CRP were 1.241 times higher in participants with the most proinflammatory diets than those with the most anti-inflammatory diets [hs-CRP; odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for Q4 vs Q1: 1.241 (1.071, 1.438); p for trend = 0.002]. An association was found between a high DII and high levels of hs-CRP. The DII may be applied to measure the association between diet and chronic diseases.

Ha SA, et al. Nutr Res Pract. 2016 Dec;10(6):597-605. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2016.10.6.597

Several reports suggest that obesity is a risk factor for osteoporosis. Vitamin K plays an important role in improving bone metabolism. This study examined the effects of vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 supplementation on the biochemical markers of bone turnover and morphological microstructure of the bones by using an obese mouse model. Four-week-old C57BL/6J male mice were fed a 10% fat normal diet group or a 45% kcal high-fat diet group, with or without 200 mg/1000 g vitamin K1 (Normal diet + K1, high-fat diet + K1) and 200 mg/1000 g vitamin K2 (Normal diet + K2, high-fat diet + K2) for 12 weeks.

Post menopause is considered a critical period for bone-mass loss. Impaired bone metabolism during this phase can increase the risk of fractures in old age. Inflammation is a risk factor for bone health, and diet is a potential source of inflammation. However, few studies have examined the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII^®) and bone-mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women in Korea. The objective of this study was to determine, by means of a Korean cross-sectional investigation, whether higher DII scores are associated with decreased BMD in postmenopausal women. To that end, the raw data from the fourth and fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES, 2009–2011) for 2778 postmenopausal women aged over 50 years were analyzed. The subjects’ BMD were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and their DII^® scores were calculated from a single 24-h dietary recall. Further, the participants were classified into three groups according to DII^® score. Women with more pro-inflammatory diets (i.e., those in the highest tertile of DII^®) had significantly lower BMD in the femoral neck as compared with women in the lowest tertile (p for trend <0.05) after adjustment for age, body-mass index (BMI), household income, education status, smoking habits, physical activity, total calcium intake, female-hormone use, age at menopause, and blood vitamin D levels. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the odds ratio (OR) of total femur osteopenia/osteoporosis was higher in women in the highest tertile of DII^® than in those in the lowest (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.00-1.62, p for trend < 0.05). This study established that more pro-inflammatory diets might be associated with lower BMD in postmenopausal Korean women.