Background: Acorus calamus (sweet flag) is widely used in traditional medicine, yet its dermal safety profile remains insufficiently defined under modern regulatory standards. Objective: To comprehensively evaluate the skin irritation, corrosion, and sensitisation potential of A. calamus rhizome oil using new approach methodologies’ (NAMs) test batteries under GLP conditions. Results: The A. calamus rhizome oil was predicted as a Category 2 skin irritant, non-corrosive and GHS Category 1B skin sensitiser. Chemical analysis revealed β-asarone as the major constituent (~40.75%). The reconstructed human epidermis models established reversible irritation without corrosion. Mechanistic concordance across the Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay, KeratinoSens™, and Human Cell Line Activation Test showed activation of the three key events of the skin sensitisation adverse outcome pathway. Using the “2-out-of-3” Defined Approach with the KE 3/1 sequential strategy allowed for hazard classification into GHS Category 1B. Quantitative risk modelling using SARA-ICE models and SCCS parameters yielded conservative safe-use concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 0.78% (w/w) for leave-on products and up to 7.46% (w/w) for rinse-off formulations. Conclusions: The combined evidence from the NAM-based assays showed that A. calamus rhizome oil is a moderate sensitiser and irritant but not corrosive, providing critical data for risk assessment and regulatory decision-making, which was previously unknown. The SARA-ICE PoD-derived safe-use concentrations provide guidance for cosmetic formulators to ensure consumer safety, particularly in leave-on applications such as face and hand creams, where sensitisation risk is highest. This study demonstrates the utility of NAMs for botanical safety assessment and regulatory decision-making.

Background: Breast Cancer is a recurrent problem across the world. According to a report, breast cancer has the second highest mortality rate in women globally. Despite having an advanced degree of chemotherapy, resistance is developed against the therapies. Studies showed that anthracyclins like doxorubicin used in the treatment of breast cancer are found to develop resistance, which is not easy to identify. Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene P53 are associated with the primary resistance to doxorubicin and thus inducing an early relapse of breast tumors. Resistance against Doxorubicin is not identifiable easily. Development of resistance and metastasis of tumors are the two processes that cannot be separated from each other. It is widely known that endothelium has a major role in controlling metastasis and tumor cell invasion. Endothelial cells express different adhesion molecules during recruitment of leukocytes in localized area, which is called leukocyte extravasation or diapedesis, or leukocyte trans endothelial migration (LEM). LEM (leukocyte trans endothelial migration) plays crucial role in the inflammation of breast cancer tissues.Objective: Predicting the role of deregulation of claudins in leukocyte trans endothelial migration in breast cancer metastasis and resistance.Method: The breast cancer proteomic metadata was collected and compared among the common candidates. The enrichment analysis of those common candidates was performed using a network analyst.Result: The analysis of breast cancer genes obtained from dbDEPC showed probable involvement of 4 candidate genes belonging to the claudin family. Claudins are responsible for the migration of an increased amount of leukocytes in the breast tumor region, which increases the inflammation and may contribute to worsening the disease progression.Conclusion: We believe these candidates also contribute in the development of resistance to chemotherapy.