Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation, is one of the most prevalent conditions among adolescents and young females globally, significantly affecting academic performance, quality of life, and social interactions. Despite its high prevalence, dysmenorrhea has been rarely investigated in Saudi Arabia, resulting in a scarcity of national data. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, severity, and determinants of dysmenorrhea among females in Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study included 1026 participants recruited from various regions of Saudi Arabia using a convenience sampling technique. Data collection was conducted using a validated, self-administered online questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to evaluate the prevalence, severity, and associated symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Additionally, multiple logistic regression was employed to identify the determinants of dysmenorrhea within the sample. The analysis was performed using R software. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea among the sample was 87%, with a mean pain score of 6 ± 2.2. Common menstrual cycle-associated symptoms included mood swings (79%), abdominal bloating (60%), diarrhea (32%), and constipation (26%). Factors associated with an increased risk of dysmenorrhea included Saudi nationality (OR = 1.96, p = 0.032), employment (OR = 1.75, p = 0.034), and a history of gynecological surgeries (OR = 1.81, p = 0.045). Conversely, multiparity was associated with a reduced risk of dysmenorrhea (OR = 0.36, p = 0.046). Dysmenorrhea is highly prevalent among Saudi women and is accompanied by significant menstrual symptoms that adversely affect quality of life. Understanding its determinants and associated symptoms is essential for improving management strategies and mitigating its impact on women’s lives.

Background and Objectives: Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS) has become a major health problem among university students as a result of extensive electronic device use, but there is limited in-depth risk factor analysis by academic disciplines. The purpose of this study was to determine CVS prevalence, identify risk-associated factors, and investigate discipline-specific differences among university students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Jazan University among 427 students of six academic disciplines between 2023 and 2024. Questionnaires validated by collecting demographics, electronic device usage patterns, eye care practices, and CVS symptoms were used to assess the data. Statistical analyses involved chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression with significance at p < 0.05. Results: Prevalence of CVS was at epidemic proportions at 89.7% (95% CI: 86.8–92.6%), which was much higher than global averages. Considerable inter-disciplinary heterogeneity occurred, from 95.3% in Computer Science to 75.4% in Arts and Humanities students. A strong dose–response gradient was found for duration of device use: 3–4 h (OR = 4.13, 95% CI: 1.13–5.57), 5–6 h (OR = 5.31, 95% CI: 1.46–9.86), and ≥7 h per day (OR = 6.25, 95% CI: 1.74–8.01) versus 1–2 h use. Students >24 years old demonstrated a very high risk (OR = 9.73, 95% CI: 1.53–19.65). Headaches were the most common symptom (68.0%), and adoption of protective measures was low. Conclusions: This work demonstrates epidemic-level prevalence of CVS with unequivocal dose–response relationships and discipline-specific risk patterns, offering evidence-based targets for immediate campus-wide interventions and identifying a vital post-pandemic public health challenge meriting immediate attention.

Background/Objectives: Disc herniation, also termed herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), is a common spinal disorder affecting approximately 10% of the global population, associated with pain, neurological complications, and diminished quality of life. Despite its global burden, regional variations in public awareness and sociodemographic determinants remain inadequately characterized, particularly in Middle Eastern populations. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, public awareness, and sociodemographic determinants of HNP among adults in Saudi Arabia at a nationwide level. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2024 to July 2025. Using a convenience sampling approach via social media platforms, an online questionnaire was distributed nationwide across Saudi Arabia. Data from 1112 participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. The questionnaire comprised two sections: sociodemographic characteristics and knowledge and awareness of HNP. Results: The prevalence of disc herniation was 8.9%, consistent with global estimates. Overall awareness was relatively high at 67.6%, though knowledge of specific risk factors varied considerably. Most participants recognized obesity (88.0%), poor sitting posture (85.8%), history of lower back trauma (86.2%), and work requiring physical effort (88.8%) as risk factors, while fewer acknowledged smoking (46.4%), diabetes (51.2%), sleeping on a soft bed (36.9%), and increased height (35.9%). Multiple logistic regression, adjusted for all sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related covariates, identified significant independent predictors of HNP including marital status (married OR = 2.90), current smoking (OR = 2.91), hyperlipidemia (OR = 1.86), family history (OR = 8.95), and prior knowledge of the condition (OR = 2.28). Knowledge of HNP was significantly associated with university education (OR = 1.70), higher income levels (OR = 2.23 for ≥15,000 SAR; OR = 2.07 for 5000–9999 SAR), and family history (OR = 4.70), while those in low and medium workload jobs demonstrated lower knowledge. Conclusions: Although overall public awareness of HNP is relatively high in Saudi Arabia, substantial gaps persist in knowledge of modifiable risk factors, particularly smoking and diabetes mellitus. Targeted smoking cessation campaigns, diabetes awareness programs, and ergonomic education initiatives delivered through primary healthcare centers, workplaces, and schools are recommended.

Background/Objectives: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a significant diagnostic and public health challenge worldwide. Despite widespread vaccination, underdiagnosis persists among adults in Saudi Arabia. This study estimated HBV prevalence and identified sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral predictors relevant to improving targeted diagnostic screening. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1196 Saudi adults aged ≥18 years was conducted between September 2024 and February 2025 using a structured questionnaire. Data on demographics, clinical history, and behavioral exposures were analyzed using chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression to identify independent determinants of HBV infection. Results: The study included 1196 adults (60.0% female, mean age 31 ± 12 years). HBV prevalence was 2.0% (95% CI: 1.3–3.0%). Independent predictors included divorced/widowed marital status (OR = 3.99, p = 0.023), diabetes mellitus (OR = 3.59, p = 0.039), family history of HBV (OR = 2.55, p < 0.001), and massage exposure (OR = 3.99, p = 0.025). No significant associations were found with gender, education, or transfusion history. Conclusions: HBV infection persists among high-risk Saudi adults despite immunization success. Integrating HBV testing into diabetes care, premarital and household screening, and regulation of personal care services may enhance early diagnosis and advance national elimination goals.

Background and Objectives: Dysmenorrhea affects 50–90% of women worldwide and significantly impacts quality of life. This study aimed to determine the nationwide prevalence of dysmenorrhea among Saudi women and evaluate the independent associations between pain severity, associated symptoms, and mental health and quality of life outcomes. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and August 2024 among women aged 18–55 years in Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through an online survey assessing sociodemographic characteristics, menstrual patterns, dysmenorrhea severity (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS 1–10), associated symptoms, mental health (DASS-21), and quality of life (MQLI). Univariate comparisons and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of depression, anxiety, stress, and quality of life (QoL). Results: Of 950 women (mean age 28 ± 9.5 years, BMI 24 ± 5.8 kg/m²), 87% reported dysmenorrhea, with 50% experiencing pain every cycle and 55% reporting severe pain (VAS 7–10). Women with severe pain exhibited depression scores 47% higher than those with mild pain (21.8 vs. 14.8, p < 0.001), with similar patterns for anxiety and stress. In multivariate analyses, severe pain (VAS 8–10) was associated with 7–11-point increases in DASS scores (all p < 0.001). Constipation emerged as the strongest symptom-related predictor of depression (β = 4.94, p < 0.001), anxiety (β = 4.79, p < 0.001), stress (β = 3.96, p < 0.001), and reduced quality of life (β = −0.45, p = 0.015). Risk factors included having children, higher BMI, and longer menstrual cycles, while higher income, later menarche, and greater education were protective. Conclusions: Pain severity, not dysmenorrhea presence alone, drives mental health burden. Constipation represents a novel therapeutic target. Integrated care addressing pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, and mental health is essential.

Background and objectives Mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and stress, are highly prevalent globally and pose significant public health challenges. In Saudi Arabia, sociocultural norms often lead to psychological distress and internalized stigma, discouraging men from seeking mental health care. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and self-stigma among Saudi males aged 18 years and above, and to examine their associations with sociodemographic characteristics. Materials and methods A cross-sectional study using convenience sampling was conducted among 612 male participants aged 18 years and above, residing in Saudi Arabia. Participants completed a 49-item online questionnaire covering sociodemographics, the Arabic version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and the Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS). Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. Results The mean age of participants was 30 ± 12 years, with 68% residing in rural areas and 59% earning more than 10,000 Saudi Riyals (SAR) per month. Based on DASS-21 results, 312 (51%) of participants experienced depression, 306 (50%) had anxiety, and 220 (36%) reported stress. The mean overall self-stigma score was 52 ± 17, with 51% of participants categorized as having stigma. Regression analysis revealed that greater severity of depression, anxiety, and stress was associated with significantly lower self-stigma scores, indicating higher levels of internalized stigma. Conversely, married individuals demonstrated significantly lower levels of internalized stigma. Conclusions This study underscores the high prevalence of psychological distress and self-stigmatization among Saudi males. These findings highlight the need for gender-sensitive mental health interventions, stigma-reduction campaigns, and accessible community-based support systems tailored to the cultural context of Saudi Arabia.