The last 25 years have brought significant progress in the treatment of sarcomas in children, especially rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS). Nevertheless, treatment failure in some patients results from considerable biological heterogeneity noted in these tumours. RMS, the most common malignant soft tissue neoplasm in children, includes two main subtypes: embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS). Due to greater aggressiveness and worse prognosis of ARMS in comparison to ERMS, discrimination between different rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes is of crucial clinical importance. This paper presents the current histological classification of RMS, up-to-date immunohistochemical and biological research regarding RMS, and its associated clinical and prognostic significance.

Background The origin of melanoma has always been a debated subject, as well as the role of adjacent melanocytic naevi. Epidemiological and histopathological studies point to melanomas arising either de novo or from a naevus. Objectives To evaluate the presence of mutations in genes from well‐known melanomagenesis pathways in a large series of naevus‐associated melanomas. Materials and methods Sixty‐one melanomas found in association with a pre‐existing naevus were microdissected, after careful selection of cell subpopulations, and submitted to Sanger sequencing of the BRAF, NRAS, c‐KIT, PPP6C, STK19 and RAC1 genes. Each gene was evaluated twice in all samples by sequencing or by sequencing and another confirmation method, allele‐specific fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and capillary electrophoresis detection or by SNaPshot analysis. Only mutations confirmed via two different molecular methods or twice by sequencing were considered positive. Results The majority of cases presented concordance of mutational status between melanoma and the associated naevus for all six genes (40 of 60; 66·7%). Nine cases presented concomitant BRAF and NRAS mutations, including one case in which both the melanoma and the adjacent naevus harboured V600E and Q61K double mutations. In two cases, both melanoma and associated naevus located on acral sites were BRAF mutated, including an acral lentiginous melanoma. Conclusions To our knowledge this is the largest naevus‐associated melanoma series evaluated molecularly. The majority of melanomas and adjacent naevi in our sample share the same mutational profile, corroborating the theory that the adjacent naevus and melanoma are clonally related and that the melanoma originated within a naevus.