The gender gap in the construction and engineering workforce persists, despite efforts to close it over the past several decades. Increasing gender diversity is a critical strategy for strengthening the supply of engineering professionals required to meet current and future demand in both public and private sectors. This study evaluates major demographic trends in the civil engineering workforce during the past decade with an emphasis on gender diversity. We also examine trends affecting the retention of female supervisors by examining job turnover in both public and private sectors. We found that female civil engineers are underrepresented in supervisory positions as compared to their representation in the workforce overall. They are also much more likely to leave their jobs than male supervisors. Their departure rate is higher in the private sector than in the public sector. These results illustrate the advancement challenges that women encounter on their career paths, and the consequences of these barriers—namely, less gender diversity in the pool of civil engineers available to meet growing demand in the construction industry, and fewer women available for promotion into leadership positions. The findings of this study will be beneficial to managers and other stakeholders working to diversify the construction industry workforce.

Background: Little is known about how race and ethnicity influence marijuana-specific risk and protective factors in U.S. adolescents. We examined differences in risk and protective factors of marijuana use (MU) and their associations with MU by race/ethnicity. Methods: The present study used data from the 2015–2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. A total of 68,263 adolescents (aged 12 to 17 years) were divided into seven subgroups by race/ethnicity (White, Hispanic, Black, Asian, Native American, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NH/PI), and mixed race). Marijuana-specific risk and protective factors (RPFs) were examined, including perceived availability of marijuana, adolescents’ perceived risk of MU and perceived disapproval of parents, peers, and close friends. Past-month, past-year, and lifetime MU were used as MU outcomes to examine the associations with RPFs as well as with race/ethnicity. Results: Overall, 6.85, 12.67, and 15.52% of the sample reported past-month, past-year, and lifetime MU respectively. Weighted adjusted logistic regression analyses revealed that mixed race adolescents reported the greatest perceived availability of marijuana, whereas Black and Asian adolescents had less access compared to White adolescents. The adolescents’ perception of parental disapproval of MU was the lowest for Native American adolescents and highest for Asian adolescents. Mixed race adolescents experienced lower peer and close friend disapproval of MU while Black and Asian adolescents had higher. The MU risk perception was lower in most groups including Black, Hispanic, Native American, and mixed race adolescents, but not in Asian adolescents. Native American adolescents scored the highest on all MU outcomes, whereas Asian adolescents scored the lowest. Perceived availability of marijuana was associated with higher MU in all MU outcomes. Lower disapproval MU perceptions and lower MU risk perceptions were also associated with greater MU. Conclusion: These findings suggest there is considerable heterogeneity of marijuana risk and protective factors and MU across race/ethnicity among U.S. adolescents.

This study examined the impact of publicness on public value creation in social enterprises from the perspective of integrative publicness. Our findings show that internal control is positively associated with all variables of a social enterprise’s public value creation. Ownership is also partially associated with the public value creation of social enterprises, while external control does not show any significant relationship. This study provides policymakers and social enterprise managers with the practical implications of the relationship between social enterprise publicness and its social outcomes. This study also contributes to strengthening the relevance of the integrative publicness framework by demonstrating the impact of dimensional publicness on public value creation in the context of social enterprises.

This study analyzes college graduates in the workplace to evaluate the effects of horizontal mismatches between education and jobs on wages and mobility. Using the Heckman-Lee and probit models, this study shows that a gender wage gap still exists. However, the size of the gender wage differential depends on the extent of mismatch. Specifically, the female wage penalty decreases from closely-related to somewhat-related and then increases from somewhat-related to not-related. We also show that the wage penalty motivates females to change jobs more often.