Background/Objectives: This pilot study aimed to investigate the relationship between salivary neuropeptides levels, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and altruism in a sample of medical students. Additionally, the study examined potential sex differences in these relationships. Methods: Sixty medical students (36.6% men, 63.3% women) provided saliva samples to measure oxytocin, α-MSH, β-endorphin, neurotensin, and substance P using a custom 5-plex human peptide assay. Participants completed the ACE Survey and Compassionate Love Scale for Humanity (CLS-H) Altruism Survey. Descriptive statistics characterized demographics and survey data, with out-of-range values adjusted to the standard curve maximum. Data normality was assessed with the Jarque–Bera test; due to non-normality, values were log-transformed. Differences between male and female salivary, ACE score, and CLS-H altruism score were tested using t-tests and Mann–Whitney U-tests, while correlations were evaluated with Pearson and Spearman coefficients. Results: The five neuropeptides, while highly correlated with each other, did not exhibit significant relationships with altruism, as measured by the CLS-H Altruism Survey. Finally, female participants demonstrated greater altruistic tendencies compared with male participants with marginal significance. Conclusions: While there were no significant relationships between the fives neuropeptides, ACEs, or altruism; women demonstrated higher levels of altruism compared with men. The data reported in this pilot study did not strongly support the conclusion that neuropeptides influence social behavior and trauma response. Furthermore, future studies with larger, more diverse samples and multiple time point measurements of neuropeptides could be beneficial to better understand the relationships between neuropeptides and any potential implications for mental health interventions.

Diurnal enuresis, or daytime wetting, can significantly affect a child’s biopsychosocial well-being, however, there is a lack of diagnostic and management algorithms on the diagnosis. The purpose of this literature review is to analyze the efficacy of the evaluation and management of diurnal enuresis. A total of 44 articles published from January 1900 to December 2024 were chosen through literature searches in PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, and Google scholar were used. Search terms were “Diurnal Enuresis” or “Daytime Incontinence” as Mesh terms and subsequent terms included “pediatrics”, “urinary bladder, overactive”, and “therapeutics” to name a few. Inclusion criteria included studies involving pediatric study subjects starting at 5 years old with a specific diagnosis of diurnal enuresis, exclusion criteria were any studies before 1900 and studies involving night-time wetting diagnoses.A consensus among the literature and the American Academy of Family Physicians recommends that a stepwise diagnostic evaluation, including history taking followed by a focused and pertinent physical exam, for diurnal enuresis has proven to be the most effective. Regarding treatment, biofeedback was shown to improve symptoms in 74% of cases in one study by Wiener, while pharmacological treatment via Mirabegron (beta 3 agonist) showed 70% improvement in one study by Fryer, but older drugs such as oxybutynin (anticholinergics) are still preferred. However, most literature postulates that a multidisciplinary approach with TENS therapy, behavioral modification, biofeedback, and pharmacology can enhance effectiveness, improve reliability, and provide more successful results while minimizing the impact of diurnal enuresis on a child's overall well-being.

Diurnal enuresis can significantly affect a child’s biopsychosocial well-being; however, there is a lack of diagnostic and management algorithms on the diagnosis. The purpose of this literature review is to dissect the development of the evaluation and management of diurnal enuresis. A total of 44 articles published from January 1900 to December 2024 were chosen through literature searches in PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, and Google scholar. Search terms were “Diurnal Enuresis” or “Daytime Incontinence” as Mesh terms, and subsequent terms included “pediatrics”, “urinary bladder, overactive”, and “therapeutics”. Inclusion criteria included studies involving pediatric study subjects aged 5–18 years old with a specific diagnosis of diurnal enuresis, exclusion criteria were studies before 1900 and involving night-time wetting diagnoses. A consensus among the literature and the American Academy of Family Physicians recommends a stepwise diagnostic evaluation, including history taking followed by a focused physical exam, for diurnal enuresis has proven to be the most effective. Regarding treatment, biofeedback was shown to improve symptoms in 74% of cases in one study by Wiener, while pharmacological treatment via Mirabegron (beta 3 agonist) showed a 70% improvement in one study by Fryer, but older drugs such as oxybutynin (anticholinergics) are still preferred. A multidisciplinary approach with TENS therapy, behavioral modification, biofeedback, and pharmacology can enhance effectiveness, improve reliability, and provide more successful results while minimizing the impact of diurnal enuresis on a child’s well-being. Further research is needed to optimize pharmacologic management strategies and improve adherence to increase the likelihood of reaching treatment goals.