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D. J. Blackwood
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore

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Journal article
Published: 31 July 2021 in Electrochimica Acta
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The micro-galvanic interactions between Cu-Fe-Mn-Li-containing aluminides and the alloy matrix of aluminium alloy AA2099 during chloride-induced corrosion were investigated in-situ with real-time monitoring of the local contact potential difference (VCPD) using the scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) at controlled relative humidities. The aluminides showed noble potentials and were able to ennoble their neighbouring matrix sites when a cluster of aluminides surrounded the matrix. The matrix, hence, adopted a more positive VCPD, towards that of the aluminides. The anode-to-cathode ratio changed throughout the corrosion exposure and was seen to show a dynamic character. Much higher local VCPD activities were recorded during the earliest stages of corrosion, when the Al-Li AA2099 surface was first exposed to high humidities, than in later RH cycles, a phenomenon not seen in other aluminium alloys.

ACS Style

Yanhan Liew; Cem Örnek; Jinshan Pan; Dominique Thierry; Sudesh Wijesinghe; Daniel J. Blackwood. Towards understanding micro-galvanic activities in localised corrosion of AA2099 aluminium alloy. Electrochimica Acta 2021, 392, 139005 .

AMA Style

Yanhan Liew, Cem Örnek, Jinshan Pan, Dominique Thierry, Sudesh Wijesinghe, Daniel J. Blackwood. Towards understanding micro-galvanic activities in localised corrosion of AA2099 aluminium alloy. Electrochimica Acta. 2021; 392 ():139005.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanhan Liew; Cem Örnek; Jinshan Pan; Dominique Thierry; Sudesh Wijesinghe; Daniel J. Blackwood. 2021. "Towards understanding micro-galvanic activities in localised corrosion of AA2099 aluminium alloy." Electrochimica Acta 392, no. : 139005.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2021 in Sustainability
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The light-weight aluminium alloys play an important role in reducing emissions from the transport industry. However, to take full advantage of these, the corrosion mechanisms that govern their failure need to be properly understood. Hence, the electrochemical response, especially after passive film breakdown, of the aluminium alloy AA5083 was analysed via potentiodynamic polarisation. By starting the scans at the relatively negative potential of −1.4 V (vs. SCE), the reduction of water in the electrolyte causes a localised increase in pH, leading to a preferential attack on the susceptible regions in the (sensitised) microstructure; that is, the deleterious β-Al3Mg2 along the grain boundaries. Subsequently, in the later stages of the potentiodynamic scan, these regions that have been degraded by the dissolution of β-Al3Mg2 undergo imperfect repassivation, leading them to be vulnerable to localised breakdowns. These conditions allowed for the discovery of a discernible trend after breakdown, in which AA5083 microstructures with a more extensive β-Al3Mg2 region (both in size and in amount) recorded a more rapid increase in the measured current density. In particular, the potential at which the anodic current density reached 1 × 10−4 A cm−2 was correlated with the extent of β-Al3Mg2 formed during isothermal heat-treatments. This work provides a possible pathway towards the development of an electrochemical quantification technique for the extent of β-Al3Mg2 growth, degree of sensitisation, and, ultimately, the intergranular corrosion (IGC) susceptibility of the microstructure of AA5083 components used in industrial applications.

ACS Style

Yanhan Liew; Sudesh Wijesinghe; Daniel Blackwood. Investigation of the Electrochemical Breakdown Response in Sensitised AA5083 Aluminium Alloy. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7342 .

AMA Style

Yanhan Liew, Sudesh Wijesinghe, Daniel Blackwood. Investigation of the Electrochemical Breakdown Response in Sensitised AA5083 Aluminium Alloy. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7342.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanhan Liew; Sudesh Wijesinghe; Daniel Blackwood. 2021. "Investigation of the Electrochemical Breakdown Response in Sensitised AA5083 Aluminium Alloy." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7342.

Journal article
Published: 09 April 2021 in Cement and Concrete Composites
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To improve the corrosion resistance of the steel matrix, 1% and 3% Cr and 1% Al are added to ordinary carbon steel for the design of a corrosion-resistant alloying composition. And based on the principle of electrochemical tests, a method for determining the depassivation of Cr and Al alloy steel bars in coral aggregate concrete (CAC) is established. The equivalent circuit model was used based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results to characterise the corrosion behaviour of the Cr and Al alloy steel bars and determine their corrosion resistance and the protective effect of the steel bar passivation film. The corrosion resistance of the Cr1 reinforcement to chloride increases by 37.67%, that of the CrAl reinforcement increases by 64.08%, and that of the Cr3 reinforcement increases by 171.82% with respect to that of the HPB 400 bar. The polarisation curves of the alloy steel bars with different Cr and Al contents in CAC were recorded by linear polarisation resistance (LPR), and the time variations of the corrosion potential and corrosion current in the low-alloy steel bars containing Cr and Al were analysed. In addition, the free chloride ion concentration and pH value of the CAC were measured while the Cr and Al alloy steel bars were rusting. The chloride threshold values (% by weight of concrete) of the HPB 400, Cr1, CrAl, and Cr3 steel bars are 0.515%, 0.718%, 0.950%, and 1.084%, and the chloride thresholds (Cl−/OH− ratio) are 0.288, 0.382, 0.502, and 0.693, respectively. Initial-corrosion condition behavior of the Cr and Al alloy steel bars in CAC was obtained. There is considerable scientific value and application significance attainable from the examination of the corrosion mechanism and behavior of corrosion-resistant steel bars in a harsh marine environment.

ACS Style

Lu Zhang; Ditao Niu; Bo Wen; Qiang Fu; Gang Peng; Li Su; Daniel John Blackwood. Initial-corrosion condition behavior of the Cr and Al alloy steel bars in coral concrete for marine construction. Cement and Concrete Composites 2021, 120, 104051 .

AMA Style

Lu Zhang, Ditao Niu, Bo Wen, Qiang Fu, Gang Peng, Li Su, Daniel John Blackwood. Initial-corrosion condition behavior of the Cr and Al alloy steel bars in coral concrete for marine construction. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2021; 120 ():104051.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lu Zhang; Ditao Niu; Bo Wen; Qiang Fu; Gang Peng; Li Su; Daniel John Blackwood. 2021. "Initial-corrosion condition behavior of the Cr and Al alloy steel bars in coral concrete for marine construction." Cement and Concrete Composites 120, no. : 104051.

Paper
Published: 06 April 2021 in RSC Advances
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Schematic description of Pb2+ removal based on capacitive electrochemical technique.

ACS Style

Yang Gui; Daniel J. Blackwood. A systematic investigation on synergistic electroplating and capacitive removal of Pb2+ from artificial industrial waste water. RSC Advances 2021, 11, 12877 -12884.

AMA Style

Yang Gui, Daniel J. Blackwood. A systematic investigation on synergistic electroplating and capacitive removal of Pb2+ from artificial industrial waste water. RSC Advances. 2021; 11 (21):12877-12884.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang Gui; Daniel J. Blackwood. 2021. "A systematic investigation on synergistic electroplating and capacitive removal of Pb2+ from artificial industrial waste water." RSC Advances 11, no. 21: 12877-12884.

Research article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Energy Technology
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Recently, a multi‐component system, in the electrochemical energy storage filed, exhibits advantages on both electrochemical activity and electronic conductivity due to its synergistic effects. In this work, a trimetallic oxide thin film of Ni‐Mn‐Fe has been obtained through a facile cyclic voltammetric electrodeposition method. The obtained thin film has grown vertically to Ni substrate to form a unique nano‐sheet morphology with shear‐wall structure. This less crystalline structure is benefit for the observed faster kinetics due to the rational transport channels, avoiding sluggish charge diffusion. This trioxide thin film displays a maximum capacitance of 3,950 F g‐1 at a current density of 1 A g‐1, with 1,250 F g‐1 being obtained at a higher current density of 25 A g‐1 and maintains a capacitance of 865 F g‐1 after 10000 cycles.In addition, by paring this film as a cathode with acitvated carbon, it can deliver a considerable energy density of 194.2 Wh kg‐1 at a power density of 0.75 kW kg‐1, and can still output an energy density of 33.2 Wh kg‐1 at its highest power density of 19 kW kg‐1. When apply it to a practicle condition, the cell can light up three red LEDs.

ACS Style

Yang Gui; Pengcheng Li; Junsong Chen; Baoan Fan; Daniel John Blackwood. Facile Cyclic Voltammetric‐Induced Trimetallic Oxides with Shear‐Wall Structure Exhibiting Advanced Performance in an Asymmetric Pseudocapacitor. Energy Technology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Yang Gui, Pengcheng Li, Junsong Chen, Baoan Fan, Daniel John Blackwood. Facile Cyclic Voltammetric‐Induced Trimetallic Oxides with Shear‐Wall Structure Exhibiting Advanced Performance in an Asymmetric Pseudocapacitor. Energy Technology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yang Gui; Pengcheng Li; Junsong Chen; Baoan Fan; Daniel John Blackwood. 2021. "Facile Cyclic Voltammetric‐Induced Trimetallic Oxides with Shear‐Wall Structure Exhibiting Advanced Performance in an Asymmetric Pseudocapacitor." Energy Technology , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2020 in Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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Sensitized AA5083-H2 was exposed to chloride-laden thin-film electrolyte at ambient temperature (20-85% relative humidity) and the local Volta potential measured, in-situ and in real-time, using the Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy, with the intention to elucidate the earliest stage of localized corrosion . Positive Volta potentials (vs matrix) were measured for magnesium silicides in ambient air, which, however, underwent a severe nobility loss during corrosion, causing their nobility to invert to active potentials (negative) relative to the alloy matrix. The reason for the nobility inversion was explained by the preferential dissolution of Mg2+, which resulted in an electropositive surface. Aluminides, both with and without silicon, were seen to form the main cathodes at all exposure conditions. The local alloy matrix next to closely-separated aluminides were seen to adopt the Volta potential of the neighbor aluminides, which, hence, resulted in local corrosion protection. The phenomenon of nobility adoption introduced here raises questions regarding the anode-to-cathode ratio, which was observed to change during corrosion, and the resulting impact to localized micro-galvanic corrosion. This work further demonstrates that it is necessary to measure the Volta potential during corrosion to reflect the true relationship between the Volta potential and corrosion potential or breakdown potential.

ACS Style

Yanhan Liew; Cem Örnek; Jinshan Pan; Dominique Thierry; Sudesh Wijesinghe; Daniel John Blackwood. In-Situ Time-Lapse SKPFM Investigation of Sensitized AA5083 Aluminum Alloy to Understand Localized Corrosion. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2020, 167, 141502 .

AMA Style

Yanhan Liew, Cem Örnek, Jinshan Pan, Dominique Thierry, Sudesh Wijesinghe, Daniel John Blackwood. In-Situ Time-Lapse SKPFM Investigation of Sensitized AA5083 Aluminum Alloy to Understand Localized Corrosion. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2020; 167 (14):141502.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yanhan Liew; Cem Örnek; Jinshan Pan; Dominique Thierry; Sudesh Wijesinghe; Daniel John Blackwood. 2020. "In-Situ Time-Lapse SKPFM Investigation of Sensitized AA5083 Aluminum Alloy to Understand Localized Corrosion." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 167, no. 14: 141502.

Full paper
Published: 13 October 2020 in Chemistry – An Asian Journal
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Economical electro‐catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are highly desirable for a range of advance energy storage technologies. Chromium compounds have been suggested as one possible source of non‐precious metal based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), especially chromia (Cr 2 O 3 ) which is the most stable form of Cr oxide at room temperature. Using density functional theory + U calculations, we investigate the 4‐electron ORR on the hydroxylated Cr 2 O 3 surfaces alloyed with 17 different transition metals. On the one hand, we find that the ORR overpotential is lower when the Cr 2 O 3 surface alloyed with elements towards the end of both the first and second rows of transition metals. Among these elements, Cd alloyed Cr 2 O 3 surface is found to promote the ORR the most, but due to its high toxicity and price it loses out to Zn as the recommended alloyant. On the other hand, we find that the ORR overpotential is generally higher and less varied on the Cr 2 O 3 surface alloyed with the early‐to‐mid row transition metal elements (e.g. Zr, Ti). As Cr 2 O 3 is also a major component in the passive film on stainless steels, where a low ORR rate is desirable to reduce the impact of localized corrosion. This implies that alloying with early‐to‐mid row transition elements could be beneficial to stainless steels. The difference in oxygen reduction activity is attributed to the tendency of forming stable ORR intermediates during the oxygen reduction process.

ACS Style

Man‐Fai Ng; Daniel John Blackwood; Hongmei Jin; Teck Leong Tan. Tuning oxygen reduction activity on chromia surface via alloying: a DFT study. Chemistry – An Asian Journal 2020, 15, 4087 -4092.

AMA Style

Man‐Fai Ng, Daniel John Blackwood, Hongmei Jin, Teck Leong Tan. Tuning oxygen reduction activity on chromia surface via alloying: a DFT study. Chemistry – An Asian Journal. 2020; 15 (23):4087-4092.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Man‐Fai Ng; Daniel John Blackwood; Hongmei Jin; Teck Leong Tan. 2020. "Tuning oxygen reduction activity on chromia surface via alloying: a DFT study." Chemistry – An Asian Journal 15, no. 23: 4087-4092.

Perspective
Published: 19 August 2020 in Corrosion and Materials Degradation
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Thin film corrosion is a serious issue in almost every sector. Thus, simulation of corrosion under thin electrolyte films has always been of high interest as experimental studies are often challenging. Thus far, progress has been made to model the effect of several important factors on thin film corrosion rates. Some of these parameters are electrolyte thickness, electrolyte composition, chemical reactions in the electrolyte, electrode size and change in electrode size, environmental parameters, and corrosion products deposition. However, these parameters are mainly drawn from different studies and have not been modelled concurrently in a single simulation study, making the thin film corrosion model far from being complete yet. Therefore, despite the many efforts so far, thin film corrosion modelers still strive to push the modelling edges further. This paper takes into account some of the highlighted recent advances in thin film corrosion modelling based on the mentioned parameters to provide a perspective on not only how far the field has come, but also how far it still is from a complete thin film corrosion model. Discussions have also been made on future needs and prospects to advance the thin film corrosion models further.

ACS Style

Mohsen Saeedikhani; Daniel John Blackwood. Finite Element Method for Thin Film Corrosion Modelling: Where We Advanced and Where We would like to Advance? Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2020, 1, 273 -281.

AMA Style

Mohsen Saeedikhani, Daniel John Blackwood. Finite Element Method for Thin Film Corrosion Modelling: Where We Advanced and Where We would like to Advance? Corrosion and Materials Degradation. 2020; 1 (2):273-281.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohsen Saeedikhani; Daniel John Blackwood. 2020. "Finite Element Method for Thin Film Corrosion Modelling: Where We Advanced and Where We would like to Advance?" Corrosion and Materials Degradation 1, no. 2: 273-281.

Research article
Published: 18 August 2020 in ACS Applied Energy Materials
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Developing inexpensive, noble metal-free, efficient, stable and bifunctional electrocatalyst has attracted significant research interest in electrocatalysis and air battery based energy storage devices. The fluorinated copper manganese oxide (FCMO) is synthesized in aqueous medium by simple way using hot plate and fume hood. The FCMO catalyst is relatively inexpensive than Pt, Ru and Ir based catalyst, less hazardous than Co based catalyst and at the same time comparable with Fe -Ni based catalyst that only have stable performance in basic medium The FCMO is utilized in combination with carbon black as FCMO-carbon black by dispersing FCMO over carbon black to improve the electron transport efficiency. The FCMO catalyst and FCMO-carbon black show ORR and OER in both the acidic as well as basic medium an impressive property of larger pH window stability with performance. The ORR was found to be a two electron process on both catalytic systems in both acidic and alkaline media. The FCMO-carbon black showed ORR (0.43 V) and OER (1.51 V) vs RHE in 0.5M H2SO4. The onset potential of FCMO –carbon black was found an impressive 0.94 V vs. RHE for ORR and relatively competitive OER at 1.54 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M KOH. The FCMO-carbon black catalyst was also deposited on conducting carbon cloth and used as an air-cathode in hybrid Li-air cell with 1.0 M LiOH as the electrolyte. The cell showed a stable cycling performance at room temperature for more than 80 hours under a cycling current density of 0.08 mA cm-2.

ACS Style

Varun Rai; Kai Peng Lee; Dorsasadat Safanama; Stefan Adams; Daniel John Blackwood. Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reaction (ORR and OER) Bifunctional Electrocatalyst Operating in a Wide pH Range for Cathodic Application in Li–Air Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2020, 3, 9417 -9427.

AMA Style

Varun Rai, Kai Peng Lee, Dorsasadat Safanama, Stefan Adams, Daniel John Blackwood. Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reaction (ORR and OER) Bifunctional Electrocatalyst Operating in a Wide pH Range for Cathodic Application in Li–Air Batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials. 2020; 3 (9):9417-9427.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Varun Rai; Kai Peng Lee; Dorsasadat Safanama; Stefan Adams; Daniel John Blackwood. 2020. "Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reaction (ORR and OER) Bifunctional Electrocatalyst Operating in a Wide pH Range for Cathodic Application in Li–Air Batteries." ACS Applied Energy Materials 3, no. 9: 9417-9427.

Research article
Published: 02 June 2020 in The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
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In ferrous alloys, chromia (Cr2O3) and hematite (Fe2O3) could serve as impervious passive layers to protect metal from corrosion. However, their passivating effect becomes questionable when localised defects are formed, since the oxide layers could promote oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs) as cathodes for the anodic dissolution of the exposed Fe atoms at the defect sites. Using DFT+U calculations, we investigate the ORRs on the Cr2O3 and Fe2O3 surfaces. We found that the Cr2O3 layer discourages cathodic ORRs more than the Fe2O3 layer due to a higher ORR overpotential and is thus a more effective passive layer. We also check the overpotentials of the passive layers with Al, Fe, Cr, Mn, Mo and Ni alloyants. We predict that Mo doping could further suppress the ORRs on both layers. In contrast, Mn is detrimental as it accelerates the oxygen reduction.

ACS Style

Man-Fai Ng; Daniel John Blackwood; Hongmei Jin; Teck Leong Tan. DFT Study of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Chromia and Hematite: Insights into Corrosion Inhibition. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 2020, 124, 13799 -13808.

AMA Style

Man-Fai Ng, Daniel John Blackwood, Hongmei Jin, Teck Leong Tan. DFT Study of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Chromia and Hematite: Insights into Corrosion Inhibition. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2020; 124 (25):13799-13808.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Man-Fai Ng; Daniel John Blackwood; Hongmei Jin; Teck Leong Tan. 2020. "DFT Study of Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Chromia and Hematite: Insights into Corrosion Inhibition." The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, no. 25: 13799-13808.

Review article
Published: 20 January 2020 in Materials Today Communications
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Compared to graphene, graphene oxides (GO) have also been applied in many areas due to their unique structures and properties, such as tunable and functionalized surfaces, great processing and competition for scalable production. In this review, GO reinforced epoxy resins are systematically looked into, where they can be classified into two broad groups: epoxy/GO nanocomposites and epoxy/GO coatings, depending on the application types. In the epoxy/GO nanocomposites, the GO reinforcement on the different properties of epoxy matrices are described in details, like mechanical, toughness, thermal conductivity and so on. As for the epoxy/GO coatings, the GO effect on the anti-corrosion properties is one of the main concerns. For both of them, GO modification methods and dispersing routes in the respective epoxy matrices are among the most important considerations. There are some remaining unsolved issues, which will be highlighted together with the future perspectives of the GO reinforced epoxy resins.

ACS Style

Weixin Hou; Ya Gao; John Wang; Daniel John Blackwood; Serena Teo. Recent advances and future perspectives for graphene oxide reinforced epoxy resins. Materials Today Communications 2020, 23, 100883 .

AMA Style

Weixin Hou, Ya Gao, John Wang, Daniel John Blackwood, Serena Teo. Recent advances and future perspectives for graphene oxide reinforced epoxy resins. Materials Today Communications. 2020; 23 ():100883.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weixin Hou; Ya Gao; John Wang; Daniel John Blackwood; Serena Teo. 2020. "Recent advances and future perspectives for graphene oxide reinforced epoxy resins." Materials Today Communications 23, no. : 100883.

Research article
Published: 31 December 2019 in ACS Nano
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Three-dimensional assemblies of graphene have been considered as promising starting materials for many engineering, energy and environmental applications due to its desirable mechanical properties, high specific area, superior thermal and electrical transfer ability. However, little has been done to introduce designed shapes into scalable graphene assemblies. In this work, we show here a combination of conventional graphene growing technique – chemical vapor deposition with additive manufacturing. Such novel synthesis collaboration enables a hierarchically constructed porous 3D graphene foam with large surface area (994.2 m2/g), excellent conductivity (2.39 S/cm), reliable mechanical properties (E = 239.7 kPa) and tunable surface chemistry that can be used as a strain sensor, catalyst support, solar steam generator.

ACS Style

Xi Xu; Cao Guan; Le Xu; Yong Hao Tan; Danwei Zhang; Yanqing Wang; Hong Zhang; Daniel John Blackwood; John Wang; Meng Li; Jun Ding. Three Dimensionally Free-Formable Graphene Foam with Designed Structures for Energy and Environmental Applications. ACS Nano 2019, 14, 937 -947.

AMA Style

Xi Xu, Cao Guan, Le Xu, Yong Hao Tan, Danwei Zhang, Yanqing Wang, Hong Zhang, Daniel John Blackwood, John Wang, Meng Li, Jun Ding. Three Dimensionally Free-Formable Graphene Foam with Designed Structures for Energy and Environmental Applications. ACS Nano. 2019; 14 (1):937-947.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xi Xu; Cao Guan; Le Xu; Yong Hao Tan; Danwei Zhang; Yanqing Wang; Hong Zhang; Daniel John Blackwood; John Wang; Meng Li; Jun Ding. 2019. "Three Dimensionally Free-Formable Graphene Foam with Designed Structures for Energy and Environmental Applications." ACS Nano 14, no. 1: 937-947.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2019 in Corrosion Science
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The mechanism of corrosion protection of steel substrate by a 96 wt% zinc primer that was damaged by scratch was simulated. The primer was approximated to pure zinc layer due to high percentage of zinc. Results show that while the middle of scratch is protected by sacrificial protection, at the corners of scratch a local cathodic inhibition results in barrier protection due to variations in the dissolved oxygen concentration. Moving boundary simulation allowed to predict the changes to the geometry of the corroding electrodes. Finally, taking into account zinc electrodes consumption, the period of sacrificial protection was predicted by simulations.

ACS Style

Mohsen Saeedikhani; Sudesh Wijesinghe; Daniel John Blackwood. Moving boundary simulation and mechanistic studies of the electrochemical corrosion protection by a damaged zinc coating. Corrosion Science 2019, 163, 108296 .

AMA Style

Mohsen Saeedikhani, Sudesh Wijesinghe, Daniel John Blackwood. Moving boundary simulation and mechanistic studies of the electrochemical corrosion protection by a damaged zinc coating. Corrosion Science. 2019; 163 ():108296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohsen Saeedikhani; Sudesh Wijesinghe; Daniel John Blackwood. 2019. "Moving boundary simulation and mechanistic studies of the electrochemical corrosion protection by a damaged zinc coating." Corrosion Science 163, no. : 108296.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering
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In this paper, the degradation of Acid Orange 7 (AO7), by persulfate activated from in situ electrochemically generated Cu+ (EC-Cu-PDS) was studied. The influence of key parameters such as pH, current density, copper concentration and electrode size were investigated, with the optimal operation condition being pH 2 with cathode to anode area of 4:1. The degradation efficiency of the EC-Cu-PDS after 30 min was compared to the efficiency of other electrocatalysis system using iron, cobalt or silver. The proposed EC-Cu-PDS process has a higher degradation efficiency of 70%, as compare to 56% of the EC-Fe-PDS process. Although the EC-Cu-PDS process has a lower degradation efficiency compared to 100% of Co-PMS and 80% of the EC-Ag-PDS processes, the EC-Cu-PDS process would be cheaper and safer to operate than the latter processes. The estimated electrical energy consumption of the EC-Cu-PDS processes was significantly lower than other electrocatalysis processes, ranging from 0.008 to 2.42 kW h m−3. The degradation of AO7 by the EC-Cu-PDS process was via oxidization of AO7 by both hydroxyl radicals generated at the anode and sulfate radicals generated by both electrochemically at the anode and Cu+ activation of PDS.

ACS Style

Zuo Tong How; Daniel John Blackwood. Degradation of Acid Orange 7 through radical activation by electro-generated cuprous ions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 2019, 7, 103450 .

AMA Style

Zuo Tong How, Daniel John Blackwood. Degradation of Acid Orange 7 through radical activation by electro-generated cuprous ions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2019; 7 (6):103450.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zuo Tong How; Daniel John Blackwood. 2019. "Degradation of Acid Orange 7 through radical activation by electro-generated cuprous ions." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 7, no. 6: 103450.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2019 in Journal of The Electrochemical Society
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The intergranular corrosion susceptibility of AISI 304L stainless steel can be measured in the field using the single loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation test. However, the present work questions the reliability of the test, with nominally the same as-received samples given a wide range of degrees of sensitization, enough for opposite conclusions and potentially false positive results. More worryingly, when comparing the results to the oxalic acid etch test, a false negative result of the SL-EPR test was obtained on some heat-treated samples. This could entail serious repercussions and justifies a thorough investigation into this issue. The most likely explanation for the unexpected behavior of one batch of 304L, is its moderate silicon enrichment at 0.4 wt%. As long as the stainless steel does not exceed the passive region, as is the case for the SL-EPR test, the moderate silicon additions help suppress intergranular corrosion, but in the strongly oxidizing environment of the oxalic acid test the stainless steel becomes transpassive and the silicon results in accelerated corrosion of the grain boundaries.

ACS Style

Yan Han Liew; Daniel J. Blackwood; Sudesh Wijesinghe. Contradictory Results from Single Loop Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation Test and Oxalic Acid Test for Intergranular Corrosion in 304L Stainless Steels Attributed to Si Grain-Boundary Segregation. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2019, 166, C410 -C420.

AMA Style

Yan Han Liew, Daniel J. Blackwood, Sudesh Wijesinghe. Contradictory Results from Single Loop Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation Test and Oxalic Acid Test for Intergranular Corrosion in 304L Stainless Steels Attributed to Si Grain-Boundary Segregation. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 2019; 166 (13):C410-C420.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Han Liew; Daniel J. Blackwood; Sudesh Wijesinghe. 2019. "Contradictory Results from Single Loop Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation Test and Oxalic Acid Test for Intergranular Corrosion in 304L Stainless Steels Attributed to Si Grain-Boundary Segregation." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 166, no. 13: C410-C420.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Composites Science and Technology
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ACS Style

Weixin Hou; Ya Gao; John Wang; Daniel John Blackwood; Serena Teo. Nanodiamond decorated graphene oxide and the reinforcement to epoxy. Composites Science and Technology 2018, 165, 9 -17.

AMA Style

Weixin Hou, Ya Gao, John Wang, Daniel John Blackwood, Serena Teo. Nanodiamond decorated graphene oxide and the reinforcement to epoxy. Composites Science and Technology. 2018; 165 ():9-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Weixin Hou; Ya Gao; John Wang; Daniel John Blackwood; Serena Teo. 2018. "Nanodiamond decorated graphene oxide and the reinforcement to epoxy." Composites Science and Technology 165, no. : 9-17.

Review
Published: 09 August 2018 in Corrosion and Materials Degradation
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Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is a major concern in a wide range of industries, with claims that it contributes 20% of the total annual corrosion cost. The focus of this present work is to review critically the most recent proposals for MIC mechanisms, with particular emphasis on whether or not these make sense in terms of their electrochemistry. It is determined that, despite the long history of investigating MIC, we are still a long way from really understanding its fundamental mechanisms, especially in relation to non-sulphate reducing bacterial (SRB) anaerobes. Nevertheless, we do know that both the cathodic polarization theory and direct electron transfer from the metal into the cell are incorrect. Electrically conducting pili also do not appear to play a role in direct electron transfer, although these could still play a role in aiding the mass transport of redox mediators. However, it is not clear if the microorganisms are just altering the local chemistry or if they are participating directly in the electrochemical corrosion process, albeit via the generation of redox mediators. The review finishes with suggestions on what needs to be done to further our understanding of MIC.

ACS Style

Daniel J. Blackwood. An Electrochemist Perspective of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion. Corrosion and Materials Degradation 2018, 1, 59 -76.

AMA Style

Daniel J. Blackwood. An Electrochemist Perspective of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion. Corrosion and Materials Degradation. 2018; 1 (1):59-76.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daniel J. Blackwood. 2018. "An Electrochemist Perspective of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion." Corrosion and Materials Degradation 1, no. 1: 59-76.

Journals
Published: 12 July 2018 in Journal of Materials Chemistry A
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Self-supported Ni3S2 with hierarchical urchin-like subunits was hydrothermally synthesized with superior areal pseudocapacitance and powered 8 red LEDs.

ACS Style

Qian He; Ying Wang; Xiong Xiong Liu; Daniel John Blackwood; Jun Song Chen. One-pot synthesis of self-supported hierarchical urchin-like Ni3S2 with ultrahigh areal pseudocapacitance. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2018, 6, 22115 -22122.

AMA Style

Qian He, Ying Wang, Xiong Xiong Liu, Daniel John Blackwood, Jun Song Chen. One-pot synthesis of self-supported hierarchical urchin-like Ni3S2 with ultrahigh areal pseudocapacitance. Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 2018; 6 (44):22115-22122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Qian He; Ying Wang; Xiong Xiong Liu; Daniel John Blackwood; Jun Song Chen. 2018. "One-pot synthesis of self-supported hierarchical urchin-like Ni3S2 with ultrahigh areal pseudocapacitance." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 44: 22115-22122.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Water Practice and Technology
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Cathode materials are important in determining the performance of a capacitive deionization cell. In this work activated carbon cloth (ACC) grafted with tungsten oxide was employed as cathode, which was first grown on ACC with a flaky morphology by a self-anodization method. The oxide was uniformly distributed over the surface of the ACC. The desalination capacity of the obtained material is deduced from electrochemical characterization, based on the preliminary stage, in the static 1 M NaCl aqueous solution over a potential range from −1 V to 0.2 V. The modified ACC attained an enhanced ion removal ability, which gives promising potential in the further application on removing heavy ions from the wastewater of industries.

ACS Style

Y. Gui; D. J. Blackwood. Capacitive desalination of WO3/carbon cloth supercapacitor and morphology analysis. Water Practice and Technology 2018, 13, 410 -413.

AMA Style

Y. Gui, D. J. Blackwood. Capacitive desalination of WO3/carbon cloth supercapacitor and morphology analysis. Water Practice and Technology. 2018; 13 (2):410-413.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Y. Gui; D. J. Blackwood. 2018. "Capacitive desalination of WO3/carbon cloth supercapacitor and morphology analysis." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 2: 410-413.

Research article
Published: 22 May 2018 in ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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Toxic metal ions, such as Ni2+ and Mn2+, in industrial waste streams are non-biodegradable and can cause damage to the human body. Electrochemical cleaning techniques are attractive as they offer more control and produce less sludge than chemical / biological approaches without the high pressures needed for membranes. Here nanoneedle structured α-MnO2/carbon fiber paper (CFP) composites were synthesized by a hydrothermal approach and used as electrodes for combined electro-adsorption and capacitive deionization removal of nickel and manganese ions from pseudo industrial waste streams. The specific performance of α-MnO2/CFP (16.4 mg Ni2+ per gram of active material) not only shows a great improve in comparison with its original CFP substrate (0.034 Ni2+ mg per gram), but is over six times that of activated carbon (2.5 mg Ni2+ per gram). The high performance of α-MnO2/CFP composite is attributed to its high surface area, desirable mesoporosity and pore size distribution that permits the further access of ions, and the property as a pseudocapacitor, which contributes to a more efficient electron/charge transfer in the faradic process. Unfortunately, it was also found that some Mn2+ ions are released due to partial reduction of the MnO2 when operated as a negative electrode. For the removal of Mn2+ ions an asymmetric arrangement, consisting of a MnO2/CFP positive electrode and an activated carbon negative electrode was employed. This arrangement reduced the Mn2+ concentration from 100 ppm to less than 2 ppm, a vast improvement over a systematical two activated carbon electrodes system that could only reach 42 ppm under the same conditions. It was also observed that as long as the MnO2/CFP composite was maintained as a positive electrode it was completely stable. The technique was able to reduce both Ni2+ and Mn2+ ions to well below the 10 ppm requirement for discharge into public sewers in Singapore.

ACS Style

Pengju Li; Yang Gui; Daniel John Blackwood. Development of a Nanostructured α-MnO2/Carbon Paper Composite for Removal of Ni2+/Mn2+ Ions by Electrosorption. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2018, 10, 19615 -19625.

AMA Style

Pengju Li, Yang Gui, Daniel John Blackwood. Development of a Nanostructured α-MnO2/Carbon Paper Composite for Removal of Ni2+/Mn2+ Ions by Electrosorption. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2018; 10 (23):19615-19625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pengju Li; Yang Gui; Daniel John Blackwood. 2018. "Development of a Nanostructured α-MnO2/Carbon Paper Composite for Removal of Ni2+/Mn2+ Ions by Electrosorption." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 23: 19615-19625.