Effects of polyamines (PAs), their precursors, ornithine (Orn) and arginine (Arg), as well as methyl jasmonate (MeJA) were studied on bulb formation in vitro with four tulip cultivars differing in bulbing ability. The endogenous PA profiles of the shoots and bulbing shoots were monitored during successive micropropagation stages: S1, sixth week of the standard multiplication subculture; S2, fifth week of the last multiplication subculture; S3, 5 weeks later, just before the cold treatment; S4, at the end of the 13-week-cold treatment; and S5, 6 weeks after the end of cold treatment (shoot base swelling/bulb formation phase). Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) (50 and 100 µM) as well as Arg and Orn (500 and 1000 µM) were added to the medium at various bulbing stages (S3, S4 and S5). Positive effects of these compounds on bulb formation were found for the cultivar ‘New Beet’ (NB), with the lowest bulbing ability. Both PAs and their precursors, when used at lower concentrations at the beginning of bulbing process (S3), together with standard MeJA treatment, significantly enhanced bulb numbers in this cultivar. Putrescine was the major endogenous polyamine at the stages of shoot multiplication (S1–S2). Spd levels were the highest in ‘Fringed Black’ (FB), the cultivar of extremely high bulbing ability, and this PA dominated over Put during the entire micropropagation process in this cultivar. Endogenous Spd contents manifested similar dynamics in all cultivars showing two peaks: at shoot multiplication (S2) and at the end of cooling (S4). The contents of all the PAs were the lowest at the final bulbing stage (S5) except the Spm level in cultivar NB in which it increased at this time. It is postulated that the high bulbing competence may be related to a transient increase in Spd content in response to low temperature treatment (S4), followed by its rapid decrease during bulb growth and maturation (S5, 6 weeks after the end of cooling) when developing bulbs begin to enter dormancy. The low levels of all the PAs at final bulbing stage as well as low Put/Spd ratio may also aid in the bulb formation of tulip in vitro.

The protection of biological diversity in nature and in agriculture, including the production of ornamental crops, has become increasingly important in Poland as well as worldwide. The Convention on Biological Diversity, signed in 1992 at the Earth Summit of the UN in Rio de Janeiro and ratified by the Polish government in 1995, imposed new regulations related to the protection of nature and the genetic resources of cultivated crops in Poland. The conservation of the genera, varieties and cultivars of ornamental geophytes—a group of plants of great interest from a botanical and physiological, but also a horticultural point of view—takes place in situ (both in nature and in the places of cultivation) and through the establishment of ex situ gene banks and collections. The natural genetic resources of ornamental geophytes include species from the genera Allium, Fritillaria, Gladiolus, Iris, Leucojum, Lilium and Muscari, among others, and more than a dozen species are protected by law due to varying degrees of threats. Botanical gardens play an essential role in the conservation of endangered species. Their activities focus on genus monitoring, managing ex situ gene banks (including National Collections), developing propagation methods and carrying out their reintroduction. In order to protect the national genetic resources of cultivated plants, the National Centre for Plant Genetic Resources at the Plant Breeding and Acclimatisation Institute—National Research Institute, under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, was established. Concerning ornamental geophytes, the National Centre coordinates two field collections of cultivars of the genera Gladiolus, Lilium, Narcissus and Tulipa, which are of great economic importance and have a long tradition of breeding in Poland. The first one is located at the National Institute of Horticultural Research in Skierniewice (central Poland), and the second one is at the Experimental Substation of Variety Testing in Lisewo (northern Poland). The history of tulip collections in Poland dates back to the 1960s. At that time, the first breeding work for this species began. The collection of bulbous crops in Skierniewice is currently one of the largest in Poland, with a total of 934 accessions. Most of them are tulips (522) and lilies (222). Other plants in the collection in Skierniewice are gladiolus and narcissus. The most valuable accessions are grown under special protection (tunnels with dense nets) to guard against insects and maintain a mild climate inside. The genetic resources of the ornamental bulb plant collection in Lisewo currently consist of 611 accessions, mainly tulips (358), daffodils (121) and gladioli (132). All bulbous crops in both collections (Skierniewice and Lisewo) are grown in accordance with all principles of agrotechnics (negative field selection, fertilisation, soil maintenance). A particularly important task of botanical gardens, universities, research institutes and the National Centre is leading research on the methods of storage for survival organs, in vitro cultures and cryopreservation. We have discovered that the various activities for the species conservation of ornamental geophytes require a great deal of constantly deepening knowledge and extraordinary measures, including frequent monitoring of the effects of the applied measures.

Oriental hybrid lily ‘Star Gazer’ plants were forced in a greenhouse during winter months under natural conditions or with artificial lighting. Supplemental lighting improved plant quality expressed as greater plant fresh weight, longer flower buds and earlier flowering. Lilies grown with supplemental lighting were shorter than control plants. To determine how light conditions and the presence of buds affect growth, whole lily shoots were exposed to ¹⁴CO₂ at flowering time. Removing lily buds two weeks before flowering in conjunction with higher light level significantly increased the specific ¹⁴C radioactivity in mother and daughter scales in lily bulbs when harvested 24 h after exposure. The specific radioactivity in the upper leaves and stems was always higher than in the bottom parts. Bottom leaves showed lower specific ¹⁴C radioactivity in the presence of buds but it was not influenced by light level. The highest ¹⁴C radioactivity in the bottom and upper parts of the stem was observed in non-irradiated plants without buds. Sink activity of the anthers of irradiated plants was 14 times lower than that of non-irradiated plants. These results demonstrate that the maturation of pollen grains was not completed due to insufficient light level in greenhouse during forcing. Regardless of the light treatment, the specific ¹⁴C radioactivity in perianth segments was not affected but the relative sink strength (RSS) was four times higher on plants grown with supplementary lighting than in the control.

Cut flowers of Matthiola incana ‘Mera’ are widely used in floristics but because of wilting, premature leaf yellowing, and flower/inflorescence drying their ornamental value quickly drops. The postharvest performance of this valuable cut flower in terms of symptoms of wilting, relative water content (RWC), carbohydrate content, enzyme activity, and free proline content was studied in relation to the different preservative added to the vases with flowers. The tested preservatives were based on two biocides: 200 mg/L 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate (8-HQC) and nanosilver (NS) in two concentrations, 1 and 5 mg/L, with the addition of 2% sucrose (S). Control inflorescences were kept in distilled water alone. The above preservatives did not prolong vase life, but, on the contrary, decreased it, so flowers placed in distilled water lasted the longest. The contents of both total soluble and reducing sugars increased during flower senescence, reaching the highest level in flowers held in the solution of 5 mg/L NS plus 2% S. Similarly, the content of free proline increased, especially in flowers held in the 8-HQC with 2% S (standard preservative). The contents of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) varied in flowers from different solutions; however, they kept increasing during senescence in flowers from all the treatments. The highest activity of the antioxidative enzymes was found in flowers placed in water.