Atopic dermatitis (AD) poses a substantial burden on affected children and their families. The evidence of the role of feeding choices in infancy for AD development is limited. This study is a two-arm, parallel, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial to assess the effect of infant feeding with whole goat milk formula (WGF) versus cow milk formula (CF) on AD development during the first year of life. Healthy term infants up to 3 months of age were enrolled in 6 Spanish and 4 Polish study centres, without AD risk selection. The primary outcome measure was AD diagnosed by study personnel at three study visits using the United Kingdom Working Party diagnostic criteria (AD_Primary). Reported doctor-diagnosed AD (AD_Doctor) was a secondary outcome. Cumulative incidence in the first year of life was calculated. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated by Poisson regression. Data from 2132 infants were analyzed. 192 infants were diagnosed with AD_Primary and 245 with AD_Doctor. The cumulative incidence rate of AD_Primary for both groups was 11.6 per 100 person-years without difference between WGF and CF (IRR: 1.00; 95%CI: 0.75, 1.32; p = 0.991). In the per-protocol population, the incidence of AD_Doctor was lower in WGF than CF (IRR: 0.66; 95%CI: 0.49, 0.9; p = 0.008). In infants with parental history of AD, the protective effect of WGF was stronger: AD_Doctor IRR 0.36 (95%CI: 0.17, 0.76; p = 0.007). This trial demonstrates that WGF can reduce the incidence of AD in formula-fed infants in the first year of life, especially in presence of parental history of AD. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04599946. Submitted: 2020-10-05.

Polyphenols and carbohydrates may modulate exercise-induced oxidative stress through distinct mechanisms: polyphenols via antioxidative properties, and carbohydrates via improved rapidly available energy supply. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) compared the acute effects of polyphenol-rich foods (pomegranate juice, blueberries), carbohydrate-rich foods (whole-grain bread, bread roll) and water control on HIIT-induced changes in ROS and FRAP in thirty healthy females. We conducted an RCT with two parallel intervention cohorts (study arm one: blueberries, whole-grain bread, bread roll, water (control); study arm two: pomegranate juice, water (control)), in which participants completed single-dose intervention days following 12 h fasting. On each intervention day, ROS and FRAP were assessed at baseline, pre-HIIT, post-HIIT and after 15 min recovery. Carbohydrate intake significantly reduced FRAP elevations (−2.16% (p < 0.05)) vs. polyphenols (−2.49% vs. water (p < 0.01) from pre-HIIT to post-HIIT). Furthermore, carbohydrate intake showed a tendency toward attenuating the exercise-induced increase in ROS (−7.75%, p = 0.095, vs. polyphenols from pre-HIIT to post-HIIT), although this did not reach statistical significance. Polyphenol-rich foods accelerated ROS reduction during the 15 min recovery phase (−8.22% (p < 0.01) vs. carbohydrates). No significant differences compared to water were observed from pre-HIIT to post-HIIT (polyphenols: p > 0.05; carbohydrates: p > 0.05) or from post-HIIT to 15 min post-HIIT (polyphenols: p > 0.05; carbohydrates: p > 0.05), which could be expected under fasted HIIT conditions. Overall, carbohydrates mitigated oxidative stress during exercise, whereas polyphenol-rich foods supported short-term post-exercise recovery.