We analyzed the association between SLC6A4, DRD2, COMT and MAOA genes and suicide attempt (SA) in Mexican adolescent patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).The sample included 197 adolescent...

Background: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis gene variants and childhood trauma (CT) are considered risk factors for suicide attempt (SA). The aim of the present study was analyzed gene x environment (GxE) interaction of NR3C1, NR3C2, and CT, and NR3C1 and NR3C2 gene expression in the development of SA with CT. Participants and Methods: A total of 516 psychiatric Mexican patients from Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz. Among them, 274 had SA at least once and 242 had not SA. Genetic variants of NR3C1 and NR3C2 were genotyped in all the patients, of which were obtained the CT information from medical records. Additionally, the gene expression of NR3C1 and NR3C2 was also analyzed for a subsample of 96 patients, obtaining the TC information from Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Results: The analysis showed a GxE interaction of NR3C1, NR3C2, and CT (OR=2.8, 95% CI [1.9– 3.9], p< 0.0001). Interactions were also observed with neglect (OR=2.1, 95% CI [1.4– 3.1], p< 0.0001), emotional abuse (OR=2.1, 95% CI [1.5– 3], p< 0.0001), and sexual abuse (OR=2.4, 95% CI [1.4– 2.9], p< 0.0001) in the prediction of SA. The analysis of gene expression identified an overexpression of NR3C1 in SA patients with high scores for physical and sexual abuse (p< 0.0001; p< 0.0006, respectively) and emotional neglect (p=0.014). An underexpression was observed of NR3C2, associated with high scores of trauma subtypes (p< 0.0001) except physical neglect. Additionally, we observed an overexpression of NR3C1 gene in patients with SA carriers of A allele of rs6191 (p=0.0015). Also, overexpression of NR3C1 gene in carriers of G allele of rs6198 and underexpression of NR3C2 gene in carriers of G allele of rs5522 (p< 0.0001). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that genetic variants of NR3C1 and NR3C2 differentially affect expression levels, increasing the susceptibility to SA in psychiatric patients with a history of CT.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder with an important genetic contribution. Immunological abnormalities have been reported in schizophrenia. Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes play an important role in the activation of the innate immune response, which may help to explain the presence of inflammation in people with this disorder. The aim of this study was to analyze the association of TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6 gene polymorphisms in the etiology of schizophrenia. Methods: We included 582 patients with schizophrenia and 525 healthy controls. Genetic analysis was performed using allelic discrimination with TaqMan probes. Results: We observed significant differences between patients and controls in the genotype and allele frequencies of TLR1/rs4833093 (χ 2 = 17.3, p = 0.0002; χ 2 = 15.9, p = 0.0001, respectively) and TLR2/rs5743709 (χ 2 = 29.5, p = 0.00001; χ 2 = 7.785, p = 0.0053, respectively), and in the allele frequencies of TLR6/rs3775073 (χ 2 = 31.1, p = 0.00001). Finally, we found an interaction between the TLR1/rs4833093 and TLR2/rs5743709 genes, which increased the risk of developing schizophrenia (OR = 2.29, 95% CI [1.75, 3.01]). Discussion: Our findings add to the evidence suggesting that the activation of innate immune response might play an important role in the development of schizophrenia.

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with low rates of treatment response to antidepressants. The pathophysiology of these conditions overlaps in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), which are present in neurons and pancreatic cells. GRIN1 encodes NMDARs and has been associated with depression and T2D; however, its role in the coexistence of MDD and T2D and the treatment response to antidepressants has yet to be explored. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the association between GRIN1 rs28489906 and MDD and treatment response to antidepressants in patients with T2D. Methods: A prospective study was conducted on T2D patients enrolled in a comprehensive care program with follow-up at 3 months. Subjects were assessed for MDD, and genotyping for GRIN1 rs28489906 was performed. Depression scores and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were analyzed using the Wilcoxon paired signed-rank test, and a stratified analysis was conducted to assess treatment response. Logistic regression analyses were performed to predict MDD and treatment response. Results: Our sample included 232 patients; among them, 49 (21%) had MDD. Patients with MDD showed a higher frequency of the AA genotype compared with non-MDD subjects (p = 0.026). A allele carriers reported lower treatment response rates (p = 0.049) and decreased odds of treatment response (OR = 0.03, 95% CI 0.002–0.63, p = 0.023). Patients with AG and AA genotypes with treatment response exhibited lower HbA1c (p = 0.029). Conclusions: The A allele of GRIN1 rs28489906 was associated with MDD and treatment response in patients with T2D. Our findings highlight the role of glutamate in these comorbidities and the need for different therapeutic approaches based on genetics.