This review explores the latest advancements in enhancing the biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of implantable structures, with a focus on titanium (Ti) and its alloys. Titanium implants, widely used in dental and orthopedic applications, demonstrate excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibility, yet face challenges such as peri-implantitis, a bacterial infection that can lead to implant failure. To address these issues, both passive and active surface modification strategies have been developed. Passive modifications, such as altering surface texture and chemistry, aim to prevent bacterial adhesion, while active approaches incorporate antimicrobial agents for sustained infection control. Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative tool, enabling the creation of nanoscale materials and coatings like TiO₂ and ZnO that promote osseointegration and inhibit biofilm formation. Techniques such as plasma spraying, ion implantation, and plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) show promising results in improving implant integration and durability. Despite significant progress, further research is needed to refine these technologies, optimize surface properties, and address the clinical challenges associated with implant longevity and safety. This review highlights the intersection of surface engineering, nanotechnology, and biomedical innovation, paving the way for the next generation of implantable devices.

Objectives: This study aimed to verify the methodology for investigation of interleukin (IL) concentrations in peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) and to assess their correlation with clinical parameters, particularly bleeding on probing (BOP) and probing pocket depth (PPD). Material and Methods: PICF was collected from 60 peri‐implantitis patients and 25 healthy volunteers to analyze IL levels in both groups. Sampling was conducted using sterile dental brushes, which were placed in the peri‐implant crevice for up to 10 s. The brushes were then stored in Eppendorf tubes containing 1 mL of phosphate‐buffered saline and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. Samples were frozen at −80°C (193,15 K) for preservation. IL concentrations were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results: The study found significantly elevated levels of IL‐1α, IL‐6, IL‐4, and IL‐10 in PI patients compared to healthy controls. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between BOP and IL‐1α, IL‐6, and IL‐10, while PPD showed no significant relationship with IL levels. Among these, IL‐10 had the greatest influence on BOP, highlighting its dual role in reducing excessive inflammation and sustaining chronic immune responses through immune tolerance. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that IL‐1α, IL‐6, and IL‐10 levels in PICF are closely associated with the severity of peri‐implant inflammation. Among these cytokines, IL‐10 showed the strongest relationship with BOP, indicating its important role in the modulation of local immune activity. IL‐6 was also positively correlated with inflammatory severity, reflecting its involvement in sustaining the destructive processes within peri‐implant tissues. Overall, the obtained data suggest that IL‐6 and IL‐10 may serve as useful indicators of ongoing inflammatory activity in peri‐implantitis. However, their prognostic or diagnostic utility requires confirmation in longitudinal studies assessing temporal cytokine changes and treatment outcomes.

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate (HAP-TCP) as a bone substitute in subantral augmentation for dental implants. Specifically, it investigates the effects of HAP-TCP on bone quality, density, and integration with implants over time. Methods: A prospective controlled longitudinal study was conducted on 22 patients (39–75 years of age) undergoing subantral augmentation and dental implantation. A total of 52 sites of augmented bone and 67 sites of native bone were analyzed using computed tomography (CT) to assess bone density in Hounsfield Units (HU), insertion torque measurements, and the Misch classification for bone quality. Augmented and native bone measurements were compared within each patient. Results: The augmented bone exhibited an average density of 1132.6 ± 334.9 HU, which is significantly higher (45.9%) than the average density of native bone at 519.3 ± 395.0 HU. Insertion torque values in the HAP-TCP augmented sites averaged 35 N·cm, showing a 71.4% increase compared to adjacent native bone sites (25 N·cm). The study found notable improvements in bone homogeneity and vascularization within the augmented zones. Conclusion: HAP-TCP demonstrates significant potential as a reliable and effective synthetic bone substitute for subantral augmentation in dental implants. It yields higher radiodensity and insertion torque than adjacent native bone, while mitigating complications associated with autogenous grafts. These observational findings support the potential clinical use of HAP-TCP for sinus augmentation.