The practical application of vanadium-based cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) is severely hindered by vanadium dissolution, low electronic conductivity, and sluggish reaction kinetics in aqueous electrolytes. In this work, a three-dimensional confined V₂O₅@ nitrogen-doped carbon (V₂O₅@NC) composite was rationally designed and constructed through a dual-regulation strategy combining oxygen-vacancy engineering and conductive network enhancement. In this architecture, the nitrogen-doped carbon framework provides a highly conductive network and robust structural support, while in situ carbonization induces the generation of oxygen vacancies within V₂O₅. These oxygen vacancies cause lattice distortion and expand the interlayer spacing, thereby accelerating Zn²⁺ diffusion and improving reaction kinetics. Benefiting from this synergistic effect, the V₂O₅@NC electrode exhibits an excellent specific capacity of 437 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹ and maintains a remarkable 89.3% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 3 A g⁻¹, demonstrating outstanding rate performance and cycling stability. This study provides new insights and an effective design strategy for developing high-performance cathode materials for next-generation aqueous zinc-ion batteries.

In order to solve the problem of energy saving and energy consumption balance in homogeneous wireless sensor networks(WSN) based on cooperative multi-input multi-output(MIMO),a multi-hop distributed WSN system model was built.The inter-cluster long transmission distance and intra-cluster short transmission distance in cooperative MIMO communication were analyzed,and the distance thresholds were found,with which more energy could be saved in communications than that in traditional single-input single-output(SISO) communications without the distance threshold condition.After that,a novel dynamic clustering based on remaining energy and distance thresholds(DCREDT) selection algorithm was proposed based on our analysis.Under the premise of saving energy,the nodes having more remaining energy would become cluster heads preferentially,so that energy consumption balances between cluster heads and other nodes were realized.Finally,by use of DCREDT selection algorithm,the total energy consumptions in multi-hop transmissions were analyzed.The reasonableness and validity of this algorithm were verified by simulations.

In order to solve the problems of unbalanced energy consumption and shortened network lifetime caused by the uneven distribution of cluster heads (CHs)in wireless sensor networks, a Limited IST and Random Uniform Clustering Algorithm (LIRUCA) is proposed. The algorithm comprehensively considers the energy of nodes, the distance to the sink, and the correlation between nodes when selecting CHs, and limits the intra-cluster communication distance, thus improving the uniformity of CH distribution. Compared with LEACH, EBCRP, and LEACH-improved protocols, results of simulation experiments show that the LIRUCA algorithm can effectively improve the uniformity of clustering, reduce the energy consumption, and prolong the network lifetime.