Staphylococcus aureus causes a foodborne intoxication due to the production of enterotoxins and shows antimicrobial resistance, as in the case of methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA). Herein, we analyzed 207 ready-to-eat foods collected in Algeria, reporting a S. aureus prevalence of 23.2% (48/207) and respective loads of coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) ranging from 1.00 ± 0.5 to 5.11 ± 0.24 Log CFU/g. The 48 S. aureus isolates were widely characterized by staphylococcal enterotoxin gene (SEg)-typing and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (ISR)-PCR, as well as by detecting tst and mecA genes, genetic determinants of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and methicillin resistance, respectively. We found that the S. aureus isolates belonged to seven different SEg-types harboring the following combinations of genes: (1) selW, selX; (2) egc (seG, seI, seM, seN, seO), selW, selX; (3) seA, seH, seK, seQ, selW, selX; (4) seB, selW, selX; (5) seD, selJ, seR, selW, selX; (6) seH, selW, selX, selY; and (7) seA, egc, selW, selX, while among these, 2.1% and 4.2% were tst- and mecA- (staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec-type IV) positive, respectively. Selected strains belonging to the 12 detected ISR-types were resistant towards antimicrobials including benzylpenicillin, ofloxacin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracyclin, kanamycin, oxacillin, and cefoxitin; 8.3% (1/12) were confirmed as MRSA and 16.7% (2/12) were multidrug resistant. The present study shows the heterogeneity of the S. aureus population in Algerian ready-to-eat foods as for their toxigenic potential and antimicrobial resistance, shedding the light on the quality and safety related to the consume of ready-to-eat foods in Algeria.

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) levels in 70 samples of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and 30 samples of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) fished in the Algerian coasts. Materials and Methods: After the mineralization of the fish samples through the pressure digestion, the analyses were carried out by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Results: Mean concentrations of Hg, Cd, and Pb in sardine were 0.62, 0.55, and 2.13 mg/kg wet weight, respectively, while in swordfish, the concentrations were 0.56, 0.57, and 3.9 mg/kg wet weight, respectively. These results exceeded the Algerian and European legislation threshold values, whereas Hg's concentration in swordfish remained close to and did not exceed the recommended thresholds (0.56 mg/kg wet weight). Conclusion: This fish may represent a hazard for consumers in Algeria. Systematic and periodic controls of heavy metals in fish are recommended, and risk assessment is needed to protect the consumer.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes avian colibacillosis, a disease responsible for high morbidity and mortality in commercial poultry flocks, leading to devastating economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. APEC may also act as a source of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes that can be transferred to other Escherichia coli pathotypes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the serotypes, phylogenetic background, virulence genes, and antibiotic resistance profiles of APEC in Algeria. A total of 98 APEC strains were isolated from chicken samples with characteristic colibacillosis signs between 2019 and 2020. O-serotyping identified O157 (20.41%) and O78 (11.22%) as the predominant serotypes. The isolates were classified into groups B1 (43.87%), C (29.59%), A (12.24%), E (7.14%), F (5.10%), and B2 (2.04%). Virulence gene analysis revealed that among the 31 genes investigated, a high occurrence of mat, crlA (100% each), yijP (98.98%), fimC, ibeB, ompA (97.96% each), iucD (89.80%), iroN (81.63%), iss (80.61%), and eae (79.59%) was observed. The highest resistance rates were found for ampicillin (97.96%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (96.94%), nalidixic acid (94.90%), tetracycline (90.82%), and ciprofloxacin (79.59%). Additionally, 92.86% of APEC isolates were resistant to three or more antibiotics, reflecting extensive antimicrobial use in Algerian poultry farms and highlighting a major challenge for animal health management and a potential risk of zoonotic transmission. Our data provide valuable insights into the characteristics of the APEC populations in broiler chickens in Algeria. This may assist in understanding APEC pathogenesis and in developing effective control strategies.