This study determined the of involvement of PPR, PI3, and RS viruses in the pathology of caprine pneumonia across Nigeria. 150 goats were selected randomly. PI3 and RSV monoclonal antibodies and PPR polyclonal antibody were used for the immunolocalization of the antigens. Histologically, 61 of the goats had broncho-interstitial pneumonia, 25 had interstitial pneumonia, 42 had bronchopneumonia, 12 had bronchiolitis, and 10 were normal. PPR, PI3, and RS viral antigens were demonstrated in: intact and desquamated bronchial, bronchiolar epithelial cells, macrophages, leukocytes, pneumocytes, and giant cells. 23% of the caprine lungs had positive immuno-staining to PI3 viral antigen, 10% were positive for RSV antigen while 34% were positive for PPR viral antigen. 8% showed immunostaining for the two and or three respiratory viral antigens in the goats. PI3 and RSV antigens were more in the young goats, red sokoto breed and during the dry season. This is the first report of immunohistochemical detection of PPR, PI3 and RS viral antigens in caprine lungs in Nigeria. These findings underscore the importance of PI3 and RSV viruses in the control of caprine pneumonia in Nigeria.

Few studies have investigated the interaction of bioadhesives with biologic tissues for veterinary application. Hence, this study evaluates the mucoadhesive property and vaccine delivery properties of polymers from phytogenic origin. Gums from Cedrela odorata and Khaya senegalensis were harvested, purified, dried and compressed into 500 mg tablets individually and in combined ratios. The time taken for these tablets, placed on freshly excised (5 × 5 cm) trachea and duodenal tissues of cattle, chicken, pig, sheep and goat and fastened to the basket end of a tablet dissolution machine probe set at 50 rev/min in a phosphate buffer 6.8 pH at 37 °C, to fall off the tissue was the peak adhesion time (PAT). Gum with best PAT was combined with Newcastle disease vaccine and the procedure repeated. Haemagglutination assay (HA) was conducted on the gum polymer-vaccine mix with gum and vaccine individually as controls. On intestinal and trachea tissues, Cedrela gum polymer averagely had prolonged PAT (≈1 h 30 min and 1 h respectively) while average PAT values of Khaya gums followed the same trend but too transient PAT (≈6 and 0.3 min respectively). However on combination, Cedrela–Khaya polymer mix (1:1) was best on chicken, cattle and sheep trachea and intestinal tissues (PAT of 1 h 30 min and 2 h 24 min respectively). On combination with vaccine, the PAT of the gums reduced slightly on cattle and sheep tissues while other animal tissue showed varied results. The HA results showed the gum polymer boosted the HA property of the vaccine (Log 105), when compared to vaccine alone (Log 104). Hence, mucoadhesives from phytogenic sources have potential for non-invasive vaccine application.

Research in the area of oxidative stress in pneumonic pathology still requires attention in small ruminants especially with the use of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) which may be a more sensitive indicator of respiratory diseases than blood. This investigation evaluates the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of caprine pneumonia using BAL fluid (BALf) from healthy and pneumonic goats. A BALf from 192 goats (whose pneumonic histopathology had been characterized using standard techniques) was biochemically assayed for anti-oxidants and pro-oxidants. Malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide generation (H₂O₂), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were measured to assess free radical activity in the BALf. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutathione transferase (GST) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were also determined colourimetrically. There were significant increases in the BALf supernatant of MDA, H₂O₂ and MPO with decreases in GSH level and SOD activity in the pneumonic goats (P < 0.05). There was also significant correlation of BALf oxidative assay to the type and severity of pneumonia. The levels of MDA, H₂O_2, and MPO increased significantly (P < 0.05) in bronchopneumonia and bronchointerstitial pneumonia than other pneumonic conditions and normal lungs. The management of caprine pneumonia should often incorporate antioxidant supplementation to correct the imbalance in pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant levels.

The diagnosis and treatment of canine scabies remain quite challenging as a result of the meddling of the invertebrate mite Sarcoptes scabiei var canis wit

Objective: This study investigated the effect of Tridax procumbens (TP), a medicinal plant, on Vincristine sulphate (VC)-induced oxidant-antioxidant imbalances in the liver and pancreas of male Wistar rats. Methods: Thirty rats (80-100 g) were randomly allocated into six groups (Groups 1–6) and treated as follows: Group 1 (control) received 1 mL/kg body weight distilled water orally (p.o.), Group 2 received 0.1 mg/kg body weight VC intraperitoneally (i.p.), Groups 3 and 4 received 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight TP extract orally (p.o.), respectively. Group 5 received VC (0.1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) plus TP (50 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) while Group 6 received VC (0.1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) plus TP (100 mg/kg body weight, p.o.). The rats were treated for 10 consecutive days. Oxidant-antioxidant biomarkers and histology of the liver and pancreas of the rats were assessed. Results: Vincristine sulphate reduced the activities of Glutathione S-Transferase (GST), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) (p<0.05), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) (p<0.05), and reduced glutathione (GSH) (p<0.05) levels in the liver compared to the control group, while TP administration enhanced the activities and concentrations of these antioxidant parameters. In the pancreas, VC reduced the concentration of GSH (p<0.05) and the activities of GPx and SOD compared to the control group, while TP produced opposite effects in groups exposed to TP. VC increased the contents of Malondialdehyde (MDA) (p<0.05) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) (p<0.05) generation and decreased total protein concentration in the liver and pancreas compared to the control group, with a counteracting effect by TP. Lastly, histological analysis of the liver exposed to VC showed moderate portal infiltration of inflammatory cells and random centrilobular degeneration, while there was more representation of islets of Langerhans and secretory acini cells in TP alone-treated rats. Conclusion: The Tridax procumbens ethanol leaf extract mitigated vincristine sulphate-induced oxidant-antioxidant imbalances in the liver and pancreas of experimental rats, thus reflecting its comparative advantage.

Background and Aim: The current vaccination for peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is stalled by myriad challenges and continuous endemicity of pneumonia due to fulminant bacterial complication in goats. The present study evaluated the protective effect of intranasal PPRV linage 1 and bacterine vaccinations. Materials and Methods: Twelve West African Dwarf (WAD) goats aged 6 months were randomly grouped and vaccinated within 2 weeks using a combination of PPRV lineage 1 vaccine (Nig/75), and bacterin from Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh) or Pasteurella multocida intranasally. The goats were observed for 3 weeks post-vaccination before comingled with a known infected WAD goat with apparent clinical signs of peste des petits ruminants and further observed clinically for 5 weeks post-infection (PI). Blood samples were taken for hematology while sera were assayed for antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, and superoxide dismutase) activities and pro-oxidants (malondialdehyde content, reduced glutathione, hydrogen peroxide generation, and myeloperoxidase) using spectrophotometric methods. Data were subjected to parametric statistics at α=0.05 using GraphPad Prism version 21. Results: Clinically, there were pyrexia, oculonasal discharge, diarrhea, anemia, leukopenia, and increased pro-oxidants in the unvaccinated goats, while moderate neutrophilia and leukocytosis were observed in PPRV and bacterin vaccinated goats. Two unvaccinated goats were weak and euthanized at 13 and 28 days PI. The goats vaccinated with PPRV and Mh showed better response clinically and biochemically. Conclusion: The mucosal vaccination of goats with PPRV vaccine and bacterine will protect against exposure and culminate in the development of protective mucosal, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses. This vaccination strategy will provide framework needed in the prevention and control of endemic caprine pneumonia in Nigeria.