This study showed the new potential of using soluble contents and heavy metals in swine wastewater as nutrient supplements for the algae Chlorella Pyrenoidosa with biofilm attached method. Algae with biofilm attached cultivation grew well in unpasteurized wastewater reaching a biomass productivity of 5.03 gm-2d-1, lipid content of 35.9% and lipid productivity of 1.80 gm-2d-1. Chlorella grew in BG11 medium delivered lower values for each of the aforementioned parameters. The FAMEs compositions in the algae paste were mainly consisted of C16:0, C18:2, and C18:3. Algae removed NH4+-N, Total Phosphorus (TP) and COD by 75.9%, 68.4%, and 74.8%, respectively. Notably, Zn2+, Cu+, and Fe2+ were removed from wastewater with a ratio of 65.71%, 53.64%, and 58.89%, respectively. Biofilm attached cultivation of Chlorella Pyrenoidosa in swine wastewater containing heavy metals could accumulate considerable biomass and lipid, and the removal ratio of NH4+-N, TP, COD and, as well as heavy metal were high. Treatment of wastewater with biofilm attached cultivation showed an increasingly popular for the concentration of microalgae and environmental sustainability.

We analyzed the alteration of discharge and water temperature caused by two newly established reservoirs in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River. In comparison to longer-term observations from the pre-impoundment period, the seasonal flow variability was significantly affected by the larger, upstream-located Xiluodu reservoir, with higher discharge in spring and reduced discharge in summer. The smaller, downstream located Xiangjiaba reservoir did not contribute significantly to the total hydrological alteration caused by the reservoir cascade. Thermal stratification occurred in spring and summer in the Xiluodu reservoir, but was not observed in the Xiangjiaba reservoir. The vertical structure and seasonal dynamics of thermal stratification were mainly governed by the water temperature of the inflow and the depth of the water outlet. Despite the different thermal structure, both reservoirs reduced the amplitude of annual temperature variations and delayed the seasonal temperature cycle in the downstream river water. In contrast to discharge variation, thermal effects were cumulative along the cascading reservoirs. Homogenization and delay effects can be expected to increase further with the completion of ongoing reservoir construction upstream of the two studied reservoirs. Based on our findings, we discuss the larger-scale impacts of cascading hydropower developments and emphasize the need for taking water temperature and its variation into account when developing optimized operation or mitigation strategies for these systems.