Objective: To evaluate the practical value of DeepSeek-R1 and Doubao-1.5-pro in the context of ovarian cancer management by examining their diagnostic and treatment-related competencies. Methods: 20 key ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment issues were identified, divided into 4 domains with 5 questions each. Two large language models answered these questions, and 5 gynecologic oncology chief physicians evaluated the answers on a 1–10 scale for completeness and accuracy. For each score and the mean score for each question, if it surpassed 7, it is evaluated as “Excellent.” The Kruskal–Wallis test compared scores within each LLM across 4 categories, and the Mann–Whitney-Wilcoxon test compared scores between the two LLMs in each category. Results: 200 scores were collected (100 per model). DeepSeek-R1 got 98 “Excellent” ratings, while Doubao-1.5-pro got 41. All 20 DeepSeek-R1 responses had “Excellent” average scores, compared to 9 for Doubao-1.5-pro. DeepSeek-R1 had less variability. Tests revealed significant differences between the models and showed DeepSeek-R1 outperformed Doubao-1.5-pro, and charts showed Doubao-1.5-pro scored lower in all aspects, especially “Medical”. Conclusions: DeepSeek-R1 shows potential in ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment but has limitations like inaccuracies and overly technical responses due to outdated data and lack of humanistic elements. LLMs like DeepSeek-R1 are useful for medical education and assistive diagnosis, but they require ongoing updates and refinement for broader clinical use. Selecting the appropriate LLM for medical tasks and improving their clarity and accuracy is crucial for their future effectiveness.

Immunotherapy has long played a pivotal role in cancer treatment, and antigen-presenting cell (APC)-based immunotherapy represents a promising strategy, though its full potential remains to be realized. This therapy stimulates T cell activation and proliferation through APCs, producing therapeutic effects. However, the use of natural APCs in immunotherapy faces several limitations, including inefficient T cell expansion, suboptimal targeting, and high treatment costs. Under such circumstances, artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) have garnered increasing interest. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in aAPCs research, systematically classifies aAPCs and critically evaluates their advantages and limitations. The underlying mechanisms of aAPCs, including activation and proliferation of T cells, strategies to overcome the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), targeted antigen delivery and combination therapy, are discussed in detail. Their clinical applications are also debated. Existing challenges, including the absence of standardized protocols and regulatory frameworks, are highlighted. Furthermore, future directions in aAPCs technology are explored, including but not limited to the development of multifunctional aAPCs and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to assist in the design and optimization. Finally, to overcome these limitations, this review advocates for strengthened multidisciplinary collaboration and the adoption of emerging technologies.