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In this study the stretchability and the suitability for blow molding processes of five grades of PET are assessed within that frame of Time-Temperature Superposition Principle (TTP) where testing conditions is described with one-unique parameter: The equivalent strain-rate at reference temperature. PETs were chosen to exhibit significantly different behaviors representative for part of the variability of behavior that could exist in recycled materials. A route to anticipate stretching conditions of different resins from DMA analysis is then validated that should be extended to account for the expected variabilities in stretchability of recycled materials in an industrial context.
Noëlle Billon. Assessment for stretchability condition of polymers and Time-Temperature Superposition Principle; first step towards a test for recycled PET? Polymer 2021, 124145 .
AMA StyleNoëlle Billon. Assessment for stretchability condition of polymers and Time-Temperature Superposition Principle; first step towards a test for recycled PET? Polymer. 2021; ():124145.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoëlle Billon. 2021. "Assessment for stretchability condition of polymers and Time-Temperature Superposition Principle; first step towards a test for recycled PET?" Polymer , no. : 124145.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is widely used in packaging and fiber industries. However, despite of its strain-induced crystallization (SIC) behavior, stretching procedures sometimes lead to dimensional instabilities upon time or at intermediate temperatures (hot filling for example). One of the solutions involves heating the sample during a specific time at a given temperature, generally after stretching, to promote more stable microstructure without endangering the texture. In this study, the effect of a light thermal treatment before stretching was explored. Herein, a study on strain-induced PET microstructure is carried out using this thermal treatment method, prior to stretching, to validate the improvement on the dimensional stability after uniaxial and biaxial stretching. While annealing leads to relaxation of any pre-organization, higher apparent crystallinity and better dimensional stability has been indeed observed after stretching using dynamic mechanical analysis and X-Ray scattering technique.
Mélanie Girard; Christelle Combeaud; Noëlle Billon. Effects of annealing prior to stretching on strain induced crystallization of polyethylene terephthalate. Polymer 2021, 230, 124078 .
AMA StyleMélanie Girard, Christelle Combeaud, Noëlle Billon. Effects of annealing prior to stretching on strain induced crystallization of polyethylene terephthalate. Polymer. 2021; 230 ():124078.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMélanie Girard; Christelle Combeaud; Noëlle Billon. 2021. "Effects of annealing prior to stretching on strain induced crystallization of polyethylene terephthalate." Polymer 230, no. : 124078.
The effect of the strain rate on damage in carbon black filled Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer rubber (EPDM)stretched during single and multiple uniaxial loading is investigated. This has been performed by analyzing the stress–strain response, the evolution of damage by Digital Image Correlation (DIC), the associated dissipative heat source by InfraRed thermography (IR), and the chains network damage by swelling. The strain rates were selected to cover the transition from quasi-static to medium strain rate conditions. In single loading conditions, the increase of the strain rate yields in a preferential damage of the filler network while the rubber network is preserved. Such damage is accompanied by a stress softening and an adiabatic heat source rise. Conversely, increasing the strain rate in cyclic loading conditions yields in a filler network accommodation and a high self-heating whose combined effect is proposed as a possible cause of the ability of filled EPDM to limit damage by reducing cavities opening during loading, and favoring cavities closing upon unloading.
Nicolas Candau; Oguzhan Oguz; Edith Peuvrel-Disdier; Jean-Luc Bouvard; María Lluïsa Maspoch; Guillaume Corvec; Christophe Pradille; Noëlle Billon. Effect of the Strain Rate on Damage in Filled EPDM during Single and Cyclic Loadings. Polymers 2020, 12, 3021 .
AMA StyleNicolas Candau, Oguzhan Oguz, Edith Peuvrel-Disdier, Jean-Luc Bouvard, María Lluïsa Maspoch, Guillaume Corvec, Christophe Pradille, Noëlle Billon. Effect of the Strain Rate on Damage in Filled EPDM during Single and Cyclic Loadings. Polymers. 2020; 12 (12):3021.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Candau; Oguzhan Oguz; Edith Peuvrel-Disdier; Jean-Luc Bouvard; María Lluïsa Maspoch; Guillaume Corvec; Christophe Pradille; Noëlle Billon. 2020. "Effect of the Strain Rate on Damage in Filled EPDM during Single and Cyclic Loadings." Polymers 12, no. 12: 3021.
The effect of the strain rate on damage in carbon black filled EPDM stretched during single and multiple uniaxial loading is investigated. This has been performed by analysing the stress-strain response, the evolution of damage by Digital Image Correlation (DIC), the associated dissipative heat source by InfraRed thermography (IR), and the chains network damage by swelling. The strain rates were selected to cover the transition from quasi-static to medium strain rate conditions. In single loading conditions, the increase of the strain rate yields in a preferential damage of the filler network while rubber network is preserved. Such damage is accompanied by a stress softening and an adiabatic heat source rise. Conversely, increasing the strain rate in cyclic loading conditions yields in a filler network accommodation and a high self-heating whose combined effect is proposed as a possible cause of the ability of filled EPDM to limit damage, by reducing cavities opening during loading and favoring cavities closing upon unloading.
Nicolas Candau; Oguzhan Oguz; Edith Peuvrel-Disdier; Jean-Luc Bouvard; María Lluïsa Maspoch; Guillaume Corvec; Christophe Pradille; Noëlle Billon. Effect of the Strain Rate on Damage in Filled EPDM During Single and Cyclic Loadings. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleNicolas Candau, Oguzhan Oguz, Edith Peuvrel-Disdier, Jean-Luc Bouvard, María Lluïsa Maspoch, Guillaume Corvec, Christophe Pradille, Noëlle Billon. Effect of the Strain Rate on Damage in Filled EPDM During Single and Cyclic Loadings. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Candau; Oguzhan Oguz; Edith Peuvrel-Disdier; Jean-Luc Bouvard; María Lluïsa Maspoch; Guillaume Corvec; Christophe Pradille; Noëlle Billon. 2020. "Effect of the Strain Rate on Damage in Filled EPDM During Single and Cyclic Loadings." , no. : 1.
Specific conditions of strain, stretching, strain rate and temperature are known to be necessary for the strain induced crystallization phenomenon (SIC) to occur. It leads to the formation of a crystal in different amorphous polymers, stretched above their glassy transition. This phenomenon was intensively documented in case of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET. More recently, some studies focused on SIC development in biobased poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate), PEF. Comparison of these crystallization abilities and crystallization kinetics upon stretching in the two materials allows to describe main differences between them, and to enlighten the role of chain architecture on SIC. To achieve that point, different mechanical tensile tests were conducted using well controlled loading paths to explore the different steps of the microstructural changes induced by the stretching and their correlation with mechanical behaviour. Several macroscopic equivalence in the effects of SIC were found, such as increase in modulus, appearance of organized phase, increase I n α−relaxation temperature despite some differences in chain architecture. Combining both loading-unloading tests and quenching protocols, it was found that inducing more or less strong interactions between constitutive units, and more or less stable crystalline phases, leads to differences in apparent strain induced crystallization kinetics: • PET stretching can induce, prior to main strain hardening step, the formation of re-enforcing intermediate phases (or imperfect crystal) being stable upon unloading and able to be improved upon relaxation or thermal treatments; • PEF stretching exhibits a more “simple” two-steps path with no intermediate phases stable upon unloading. This can be related with the weaker stability of PEF crystal compared to PET (PEF quiescent crystallization temperature and melting temperature are very close to each other), and to the more complex crystalline lattice in PEF (two units are needed instead of one due to furanic cycle). In addition, for PET, Young modulus increases more gradually during strain hardening than for PEF. The final microstructure after stretching is therefore more dependent on thermomechanical treatments (annealing or relaxation steps) in PET in comparison to PEF.
Emilie Forestier; Christelle Combeaud; Nathanael Guigo; Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli; Noelle Billon. Understanding of strain-induced crystallization developments scenarios for polyesters: Comparison of poly(ethylene furanoate), PEF, and poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET. Polymer 2020, 203, 122755 .
AMA StyleEmilie Forestier, Christelle Combeaud, Nathanael Guigo, Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli, Noelle Billon. Understanding of strain-induced crystallization developments scenarios for polyesters: Comparison of poly(ethylene furanoate), PEF, and poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET. Polymer. 2020; 203 ():122755.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilie Forestier; Christelle Combeaud; Nathanael Guigo; Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli; Noelle Billon. 2020. "Understanding of strain-induced crystallization developments scenarios for polyesters: Comparison of poly(ethylene furanoate), PEF, and poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET." Polymer 203, no. : 122755.
The potential and the interest of the development of mechanical approach based on concepts issued from the physics of polymers, as well as of the use of the time temperature equivalence principle, are illustrated. To achieve that point, a revisited constitutive model [1], [2] was used to model the mechanical behaviour of amorphous PMMA with different molecular weights. The model accounts for the elastic contribution of an equivalent network which experiences inelastic mechanisms coming from the evolution of internal state variables when the polymer is deformed. The experimental database included non-monotonic tensile tests at targeted “equivalent strain rate at reference temperature” coupled with DIC for obtaining local boundary conditions. Model exhibited good capabilities to capture the mechanical response of the material at different temperatures and strain rates corresponding to material state ranging from the end of the glassy state to near-liquid state going through viscoelastic and rubbery regime. Analysis of the parameters allowed introducing empirical equations to consider the time/temperature dependence into the model. It was possible to pretty well reproduce the behaviour of PMMAs from rubbery like domains to their glassy state with one unique formalism and one unique and of reduced number set of parameters. Effect of molar mass and crosslinking are discussed.
C.E. Federico; J.L. Bouvard; C. Combeaud; N. Billon. Modelling strain rate and temperature dependent mechanical response of PMMAs at large deformation from below to above Tg. Polymer 2020, 202, 122710 .
AMA StyleC.E. Federico, J.L. Bouvard, C. Combeaud, N. Billon. Modelling strain rate and temperature dependent mechanical response of PMMAs at large deformation from below to above Tg. Polymer. 2020; 202 ():122710.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC.E. Federico; J.L. Bouvard; C. Combeaud; N. Billon. 2020. "Modelling strain rate and temperature dependent mechanical response of PMMAs at large deformation from below to above Tg." Polymer 202, no. : 122710.
Poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate), referred to as PEF, was uni-axially stretched for temperatures above glass transition temperature. This bio-based polymer is considered as a serious competitor for the petroleum analogous poly(ethylene terephthalate), named PET. To replace PET in bottle forming, PEF has to be deformed to large strains which are only reachable when it is in its rubbery state. In the present work, the stretching conditions have been chosen by determining precisely the range of temperature and strain rate where PEF exhibits a rubbery-like state. This was feasible through the building of a master curve at a reference temperature. Local strain field measurements allow the description of PEF intrinsic mechanical behaviour. Above a draw ratio of around 6 to 8, the mechanical response presents an impressive strain hardening whereas a well-defined crystalline phase with a high orientation is formed. Diffraction peaks were indexed and compared to previous papers. Only one crystalline phase was observed either under mechanical loading or during static crystallization. Mechanical loading significantly speeds up crystallization.
Emilie Forestier; Christelle Combeaud; Nathanaël Guigo; Gabriel Monge; Jean-Marc Haudin; Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli; Noëlle Billon. Strain-induced crystallization of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate). Mechanical and crystallographic analysis. Polymer 2019, 187, 122126 .
AMA StyleEmilie Forestier, Christelle Combeaud, Nathanaël Guigo, Gabriel Monge, Jean-Marc Haudin, Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli, Noëlle Billon. Strain-induced crystallization of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate). Mechanical and crystallographic analysis. Polymer. 2019; 187 ():122126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmilie Forestier; Christelle Combeaud; Nathanaël Guigo; Gabriel Monge; Jean-Marc Haudin; Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli; Noëlle Billon. 2019. "Strain-induced crystallization of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate). Mechanical and crystallographic analysis." Polymer 187, no. : 122126.
Clear relationships between the semi-crystalline microstructure of injection molding polymers and their mechanical behavior are not yet totally established for all polymers. Part of this relative lack of understanding is because an unambiguous scientific approach is difficult to build up. The processing of samples promotes a microstructure which is not uniform and can be described in various ways on different scales. This introduces uncertainty in the correlations. Most completed studies were conducted on polyolefin, which exhibits an evolution of microstructure that is quite easy to observe and to correlate to mechanical properties. This paper intends to illustrate a more diffuse case. To achieve this, combined characterizations along the flow path and throughout the thickness of a plaque as well as characterizations of the local microstructure and tensile behavior of polyamide 66 are described. The microstructure was explored in terms of skin-core structure, spherulites sizes, crystallinity ratio and lamellae organization. Mechanical properties were addressed with non-monotonic tests with the use of DIC (Digital Image Correlation) to assess true behavior. The effect of humidity is also accounted for. It is demonstrated that small changes in lamellae or interlamellar amorphous phase are likely to be responsible for non-uniform mechanical properties, whereas more macroscopic levels (skin core structure, spherulites level of crystallinity ratio) appeared to be irrelevant levels of description. Consequently, the usual simplified analyses based on optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) can be inefficient in improving knowledge in that field.
Noëlle Billon; Joan Giraudeau; Jean-Luc Bouvard; Gilles Robert. Mechanical Behavior—Microstructure Relationships in Injection-Molded Polyamide 66. Polymers 2018, 10, 1047 .
AMA StyleNoëlle Billon, Joan Giraudeau, Jean-Luc Bouvard, Gilles Robert. Mechanical Behavior—Microstructure Relationships in Injection-Molded Polyamide 66. Polymers. 2018; 10 (10):1047.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoëlle Billon; Joan Giraudeau; Jean-Luc Bouvard; Gilles Robert. 2018. "Mechanical Behavior—Microstructure Relationships in Injection-Molded Polyamide 66." Polymers 10, no. 10: 1047.
May it be for environmental or economic reasons, mass reduction has become one of the main goals in mechanics. The short fiber thermoplastics composite is an interesting possibility since it presents a good compromise between a relatively easy process and mechanical properties. The aim of this work is to estimate and model the viscoelastic behavior at small strain of PC Lexan/Glass fiber composites. To meet this goal, a full field homogenization method based on solving the boundary problem through FFT is used. Virtual DMA experiments are used to build the master curve of the composite. They are later used to identify a macroscopic model for transverse isotropic short fiber composites. Finally, a meta-model is built to estimate the behavior of the composite at any given fiber volume ratio.
Boris Burgarella; Aurelien Maurel-Pantel; Noël Lahellec; Jean-Luc Bouvard; Noëlle Billon; Hervé Moulinec; Frédéric Lebon. Effective viscoelastic behavior of short fibers composites using virtual DMA experiments. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 2018, 23, 337 -360.
AMA StyleBoris Burgarella, Aurelien Maurel-Pantel, Noël Lahellec, Jean-Luc Bouvard, Noëlle Billon, Hervé Moulinec, Frédéric Lebon. Effective viscoelastic behavior of short fibers composites using virtual DMA experiments. Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials. 2018; 23 (3):337-360.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoris Burgarella; Aurelien Maurel-Pantel; Noël Lahellec; Jean-Luc Bouvard; Noëlle Billon; Hervé Moulinec; Frédéric Lebon. 2018. "Effective viscoelastic behavior of short fibers composites using virtual DMA experiments." Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials 23, no. 3: 337-360.
The purpose of this article was to study the relationship between the rheological properties and the crystallization or melting of two polypropylene-based copolymers used in the welding of the coating of offshore pipelines. The materials microstructure was studied via X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the crystallization and melting properties at different cooling and heating rates. Dynamic rheological analysis was used to define the rheological properties in the molten and in the transition zone from the molten to solid state and inversely. Both experiments (DSC and rheology) were performed under non-isothermal conditions to allow complete accessibility to the transition zone. Crystallization and melting are both complex processes in which coexist amorphous and crystalline phases in the sample. A correlation between the rheological properties and crystallization was proposed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44690.
Margaux Aris-Brosou; Michel Vincent; Jean-François Agassant; Noëlle Billon. Viscoelastic rheology in the melting and crystallization domain: Application to polypropylene copolymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2017, 134, 1 .
AMA StyleMargaux Aris-Brosou, Michel Vincent, Jean-François Agassant, Noëlle Billon. Viscoelastic rheology in the melting and crystallization domain: Application to polypropylene copolymers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2017; 134 (15):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargaux Aris-Brosou; Michel Vincent; Jean-François Agassant; Noëlle Billon. 2017. "Viscoelastic rheology in the melting and crystallization domain: Application to polypropylene copolymers." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 134, no. 15: 1.
Nicolas Candau; Christophe Pradille; Jean-Luc Bouvard; Noelle Billon. On the use of a four-cameras stereovision system to characterize large 3D deformation in elastomers. Polymer Testing 2016, 56, 314 -320.
AMA StyleNicolas Candau, Christophe Pradille, Jean-Luc Bouvard, Noelle Billon. On the use of a four-cameras stereovision system to characterize large 3D deformation in elastomers. Polymer Testing. 2016; 56 ():314-320.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicolas Candau; Christophe Pradille; Jean-Luc Bouvard; Noelle Billon. 2016. "On the use of a four-cameras stereovision system to characterize large 3D deformation in elastomers." Polymer Testing 56, no. : 314-320.
Boris Martin; Sébastien Comas-Cardona; Christophe Binetruy; Noëlle Billon; Jean-Luc Bouvard; Paul Lucas. Influence of fabrics’ design parameters on the morphology and 3D permeability tensor of quasi-unidirectional non-crimp fabrics. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 2016, 90, 470 -479.
AMA StyleBoris Martin, Sébastien Comas-Cardona, Christophe Binetruy, Noëlle Billon, Jean-Luc Bouvard, Paul Lucas. Influence of fabrics’ design parameters on the morphology and 3D permeability tensor of quasi-unidirectional non-crimp fabrics. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2016; 90 ():470-479.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoris Martin; Sébastien Comas-Cardona; Christophe Binetruy; Noëlle Billon; Jean-Luc Bouvard; Paul Lucas. 2016. "Influence of fabrics’ design parameters on the morphology and 3D permeability tensor of quasi-unidirectional non-crimp fabrics." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 90, no. : 470-479.
Revisited network theory to account for inelasticity1,2 was used to model behavior of amorphous and semicrystalline PET. Semicrystalline materials were obtained through cold crystallization of the amorphous one making the crystalline microstructure the only difference. The model considers microstructure at a mesoscopic level through the description of an equivalent network evolving with internal state variables. Inelastic phenomena are assumed to result from the evolution of entanglements and of density of weak bond between adjacent chains (van der Walls or H-bond, etc.). The experiment data base included nonmonotonic tensile test coupled with synchronized digital image correlation and infrared measurement device for capturing the time and temperature dependence of the material. Model show a pretty good ability to reproduce time dependent behavior of the two materials. Analysis of the parameters also shows a coherent evolution with the microstructure though this latter is not explicitly accounted for in the model. Further study will make relationship between microstructure and parameters clearer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43837.
Florian Gehring; Jean-Luc Bouvard; Noëlle Billon. Modeling of time dependent mechanical behavior of polymers: Comparison between amorphous and semicrystalline polyethylene terephthalate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2016, 133, 1 .
AMA StyleFlorian Gehring, Jean-Luc Bouvard, Noëlle Billon. Modeling of time dependent mechanical behavior of polymers: Comparison between amorphous and semicrystalline polyethylene terephthalate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2016; 133 (35):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian Gehring; Jean-Luc Bouvard; Noëlle Billon. 2016. "Modeling of time dependent mechanical behavior of polymers: Comparison between amorphous and semicrystalline polyethylene terephthalate." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 133, no. 35: 1.
Microcellular Polypropylene (PP) was obtained using Chemical Blowing Agents (CBA) in a injection process combined with Gas Counter Pressure (GCP) and core-back expansion molding. Two different types of PP, neat and charged, were mixed with a fixed proportion of CBA and injected into a plate, obtaining structural foams with a foamed core and solid outer skins. After, the plate morphology is analyzed to evaluate the main morphological parameters, such as cell size and thickness of the outer skin. The results show that the type of CBA has a great influence on the cell size. Finally, low velocity plane compression tests were carried out in the structural foams at a fixed strain rate to obtain the Young’s modulus of the foamed core and also the whole structure, using some theoretical approaches to evaluate the effect of foam density in the obtained results.
José Antonio Reglero Ruiz; Michel Vincent; Noëlle Billon. Plane-compression properties of microcellular injected polypropylene using gas counter pressure and core-back expansion process. International Journal of Material Forming 2015, 9, 585 -590.
AMA StyleJosé Antonio Reglero Ruiz, Michel Vincent, Noëlle Billon. Plane-compression properties of microcellular injected polypropylene using gas counter pressure and core-back expansion process. International Journal of Material Forming. 2015; 9 (5):585-590.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Antonio Reglero Ruiz; Michel Vincent; Noëlle Billon. 2015. "Plane-compression properties of microcellular injected polypropylene using gas counter pressure and core-back expansion process." International Journal of Material Forming 9, no. 5: 585-590.
A 3D Visco hyperelastic model is discussed and validated using a rich and rigorous data base obtained on PMMA above Tg. Inelastic phenomena are accounted for as an evolution of internal variables assumed to be related to entanglements. Inelastic strain-rate is deduced from energy balance between elastic and dissipative phenomenon. The concept allowing introducing time effects in any rubber elasticity theory, is used with Edward-Vilgis’ model. Extended model allows reproducing most of the visco-elastic phenomena in polymer: strain rate dependence, hysteretic effects and relaxation. An accounting for temperature and strain-rate by an “a priori” uses of time temperature superposition principle is also proposed. The three concepts result in an original and attractive model of high efficiency. This is demonstrated in the case of PMMA.
Noëlle Billon. New Thermo-Mechanical Modelling for Visco Elastic, Visco Plastic Polymers. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series 2013, 75 -81.
AMA StyleNoëlle Billon. New Thermo-Mechanical Modelling for Visco Elastic, Visco Plastic Polymers. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. 2013; ():75-81.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoëlle Billon. 2013. "New Thermo-Mechanical Modelling for Visco Elastic, Visco Plastic Polymers." Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series , no. : 75-81.
Microstructure of PET in stretch blow moulding is studied combining controlled tension followed by quenching, free-blow and ISBM. Due to quenching, observed final microstructure is often closer to a mesophase than to crystal. Texture is, for its part, controlled by the loading path. In fact stretching only induces appearance of an oriented precursor-phase that will become a crystal during cooling steps providing that this latter is slow enough. Microstructure evolution does not obey the classical “nucleation –growth” schematic. This enlightens development of constitutive models demonstrating the irrelevance of the crystallinity ratio as parameter and of the Avrami-like approach as part of the model. One, model based on revisited network approach is suggested.
N. Billon; M. Picard; E. Gorlier. Stretch blow moulding of PET; structure development and constitutive model. International Journal of Material Forming 2013, 7, 369 -378.
AMA StyleN. Billon, M. Picard, E. Gorlier. Stretch blow moulding of PET; structure development and constitutive model. International Journal of Material Forming. 2013; 7 (3):369-378.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Billon; M. Picard; E. Gorlier. 2013. "Stretch blow moulding of PET; structure development and constitutive model." International Journal of Material Forming 7, no. 3: 369-378.
The purpose of the present paper is to present an overview of the main progresses recently made in the numerical modeling of polymer‐forming processes and to describe the challenges to overcome in the near future. Examples are presented in different domains, such as die extrusion, injection molding, film processing, reactive extrusion and pipe reinforcement.
Michel Vincent; Bruno Vergnes; Yves DeMay; Thierrey Coupez; Noelle Billon; Jean-François Agassant. Present Challenges in the Numerical Modeling of Polymer-forming Processes. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 2002, 80, 1143 -1152.
AMA StyleMichel Vincent, Bruno Vergnes, Yves DeMay, Thierrey Coupez, Noelle Billon, Jean-François Agassant. Present Challenges in the Numerical Modeling of Polymer-forming Processes. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2002; 80 (6):1143-1152.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichel Vincent; Bruno Vergnes; Yves DeMay; Thierrey Coupez; Noelle Billon; Jean-François Agassant. 2002. "Present Challenges in the Numerical Modeling of Polymer-forming Processes." The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 80, no. 6: 1143-1152.