Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), formed as a result of plastic product degradation, pose a global environmental threat by penetrating biological systems and inducing systemic pathological changes. This systematic review, conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, aims to analyze the molecular and cellular mechanisms of the toxic effects of MPs and NPs on the human cardiovascular, nervous, reproductive, urinary, and digestive systems. The primary mechanisms include oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and impaired barrier functions. In the cardiovascular system, MPs and NPs contribute to endothelial dysfunction, disorders of lipid metabolism, and fibrosis; in the nervous system, they promote neuroinflammation, pathological protein aggregation, and psychiatric disorders; in the reproductive system, they lead to hormonal imbalance and reduced fertility; in the kidneys, they cause inflammation, and fibrosis and lead to deterioration of kidney function; and in the gastrointestinal tract, they contribute to dysbiosis and metabolic disorders. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases without limitations on date, language, or access. Studies were selected based on criteria of transparency, statistical validity, sample representativeness, and correctness of data interpretation. The review emphasizes the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to developing prevention and treatment strategies, including reduction in exposure, antioxidant and immunomodulatory therapy, and restoration of barrier functions and microbiota. The data obtained reveal research gaps and identify directions for further study.

Environmental pollution by microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) is becoming a global problem. Accumulated evidence indicates the potential adverse effect of these particles on the cardiovascular system. Objective. To summarize current data on the mechanisms of impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on the cardiovascular system, their role in the development of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and myocardial injury, and to discuss potential therapeutic strategies. Materials and methods. An analysis of foreign and domestic (Russian) publications in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and eLibrary databases for 2014—2025 was performed using the following keywords: microplastics, nanoplastics, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, cardiomyocytes, inflammation. Results. The review systematizes data on three main types of cardiotoxic effects of MNPs: lipid metabolism and atherogenesis disorders, hemostatic system dysfunction with increased thrombogenic risk, and direct damage to cardiomyocytes. The role of oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy disorders is shown. The influence of MNPs as carriers of toxicants (bisphenol A, heavy metals) is considered separately. Conclusion. Accumulated evidence indicates that microplastics and nanoplastics are a new risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Further research is needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms and develop prevention and treatment strategies.